Table Of ContentWoodheaPdu blishSienrgii ensB iomaterials
HANDBOOK OF
BIOMATERILAS
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Editbeyd
MASOUD MOZAFARI
WP
WOODHEAD
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Contents
List of contributors xi 3.4 Themacrophagesandthedevelopmentof
Preface xvii immunomodulatorybiomaterials 47
References 50
Acknowledgments xix
4. Dendritic cells responses to
biomaterials 53
I
SahilInamdarandAbhinavP.Acharya
An introduction to biocompatibility
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Naturalpolymerbiomaterials 55
1. Principles of biocompatibility 3
4.3 Gelatin 55
MasoudMozafari 4.4 Alginate 57
4.5 Chitosan 59
1.1 Introduction 3
4.6 Syntheticpolymerbiomaterials 60
1.2 Conclusion 8
4.7 Poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid) 60
References 9
4.8 Polyethyleneglycol 61
Furtherreading 9
4.9 Blends 62
4.10 Poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid)-chitosan 62
2. Bacterial cell(cid:1)biomaterials
4.11 Conclusionandfuturedirections 64
interactions 11 References 64
Li-ChongXuandChristopherA.Siedlecki
5. Impact of biomaterials’ physical
2.1 Introduction 11 properties on cellular and molecular
2.2 Theoreticaltheoriesofbacterialadhesionto responses 69
biomaterialsurfaces 13
JiaHeandDianeJ.Burgess
2.3 Factorsinfluencingbacterialadhesionto
biomaterialsurfaces 14 Abbreviations 69
2.4 Bacterialinteractionwithantibacterial
5.1 Introduction 69
biomaterialsurfaces 22
5.2 Cellularandmolecularresponsefollowing
2.5 Signalingmoleculesintheregulationof implantation 70
bacterialadhesiononbiomaterialsurfaces 28
5.3 Impactofphysicalpropertiesonmodulation
2.6 Summaryandperspectives 31
ofthehostresponse 75
Acknowledgments 32 5.4 Conclusion 81
References 32
References 82
3. Macrophage response to biomaterials 43 6. Impact of biomaterial mechanics on
cellular and molecular responses 85
JuditeNovaisBarbosaandDanielaPereiraVasconcelos
SomasundaramPrasadh,VaishnaviRatheeshandRaymondWong
3.1 Themacrophage 43
3.2 Macrophageplasticityandpolarization 44 6.1 Introduction 85
3.3 Themacrophageresponsetobiomaterials 45 6.2 Hostresponse—biomaterialinterplay 87
v
vi
Contents
6.3 Othersignificantplayersoftheforeignbody 9.3 Comparisonofproliferationtests 182
reaction 95 9.4 Specialchallengesandexperimentaldesign
6.4 Impactofbiomaterialsurfacecharacteristicson considerations 186
thesequentialphasesofhostresponse 96 9.5 Conclusion 189
6.5 Conclusion 102 References 189
Conflictofinterest 103
References 103 10. In vivo models for biomaterials:
applications from cardiovascular tissue
7. Cell(cid:1)biomaterials interactions:
engineering 195
the role of growth factors 111
JosephBoktor,SaraAbdollahi,ChinSiangOngand
AliceBrionandHassanRammal NarutoshiHibino
7.1 Introduction 111
Abbreviations 195
7.2 Whataregrowthfactors? 113
10.1 Introduction 196
7.3 Growthfactorsinbonetissue
10.2 Constructsandbiomaterialsusedincardiac
engineering 114
tissueengineering 196
7.4 Bonemorphogeneticproteins 114
10.3 Constructsandbiomaterialsusedinvascular
7.5 Transforminggrowthfactorβs 117
tissueengineering 204
7.6 Platelet-derivedgrowthfactors 119
10.4 Invivoapplicationsofconstructsand
7.7 Fibroblastgrowthfactors 121
biomaterials 209
7.8 Insulin-likegrowthfactors 124
10.5 Conclusion 209
7.9 Bonegrowthfactorsclinicalapplications 126
References 210
7.10 Conclusionandperspectives 127
Acknowledgments 128
11. Clinical and surgical aspects of medical
Conflictofinterest 128
materials’ biocompatibility 219
References 129
SelcukOzturk,FatmaBetu¨lAyanog˘lu,MahmutParmaksiz,
8. Cell(cid:1)biomaterial interactions: Ay¸seEserElc¸inandYa¸sarMuratElc¸in
the role of ligand functionalization 139
Authordisclosurestatement 219
AliceZoso,MonicaBoffito,RossellaLaurano,IreneCarmagnola Abbreviations 219
andValeriaChiono 11.1 Introduction 220
11.2 Orthopedicbiomaterials 222
8.1 Introduction 139
11.3 Generalandreconstructivesurgery
8.2 Ligandfunctionalizationinthedesignof
bioactivehydrogels 141 biomaterials 229
11.4 Cardiovascularbiomaterials 234
8.3 Ligandsurfacefunctionalizationinthedesignof
11.5 Conclusion 241
scaffoldsandimplants 153
References 242
8.4 Ligandfunctionalizationofnanoparticlesfor
celltargeting 158
12. Standardization and regulation of
8.5 Generaldiscussionandconclusion 162
Acknowledgment 167 biomaterials 251
References 167
MehdiEbrahimi
9. On the proliferation of cell proliferation 12.1 Introduction 251
tests 175 12.2 Biomaterialsfortherapeuticandregenerative
medicine 252
NicholasG.FischerandConradoAparicio
12.3 Discussion 257
9.1 Introduction 175 12.4 Conclusion 262
9.2 Methodstomeasurecellproliferation 176 References 262
vii
Contents
II 16.1 Introduction 353
16.2 Invitrobiocompatibilitystudies 354
Cellular Response to Biomaterials 16.3 Invivobiocompatibilitystudies 357
16.4 Biocompatibilitystudyofothercarbon
13. Cellular response to synthetic nanostructures 359
polymers 269 16.5 Approachestoreducetoxicity 363
16.6 Conclusion 364
MihaelaBaican,ElenaStoleruandCorneliaVasile References 364
Abbreviations 269
17. Cellular response to calcium phosphate
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Cellularresponsetosyntheticnondegradable cements 369
polymers 273
BerivanCecen,AyseKalemtas,GulsumTopatesand
13.3Cellularresponsetobiodegradable/resorbable LeylaDidemKozaci
polymers 305
13.4Conclusionandfuturetrends 308 17.1 Introduction 369
Acknowledgments 309 17.2 Generalcharacteristicsofcalciumphosphate
References 309 cement 373
17.3 Chemistryandhandling 375
14. Cellular responses to zirconia 321 17.4 Biologicalevaluationofcalciumphosphate
cements 378
PaoloFrancescoManicone,AntonioZiranu,AndreaPernaand
GiulioMaccauro 17.5 Biodegradationofcalciumphosphate
cements 378
14.1 Introduction 321
17.6 Bioactivityofcalciumphosphate
14.2 “Aging”ofzirconia 323
cements 379
14.3 Definitionsofbiocompatibility,
17.7 Osteoconductivityofcalciumphosphate
osseointegration,osteoinductivity,and
cements 380
osteoconductivity 324
17.8 Osteoinductivityofcalciumphosphate
14.4 Invitrozirconiabiocompatibility 325
cements 381
14.5 Invivozirconiabiocompatibility 328
17.9 Cellularresponsetocalciumphosphate
14.6 Conclusion 329
cements 381
References 330
17.10 Clinicalapplications 382
References 387
15. Cellular response to alumina 335
NedaAlasvand,SaraBanijamali,PeimanBoroukiMilanand 18. Cellular response to bioactive glasses
MasoudMozafari and glass(cid:1)ceramics 395
15.1 Introduction 335
SaraBanijamali,MojganHeydariandMasoudMozafari
15.2 Physicochemicalpropertiesofalumina
surface 336 18.1 Introduction 395
15.3 Cellularresponsesandproteinadsorptionon 18.2 Biologicalresponsestobiomaterials 396
aluminasurface 338 18.3 Bioactiveglassesandglass(cid:1)ceramics:structure
15.4 Futuresandconclusion 347 andtheirphysicochemicalproperties 397
References 348 18.4 Innovativestrategiesforselectivecontribution
ofbioactiveglasses 403
16. Biocompatibility of graphene quantum
18.5 Commercializedbioactiveglassesand
dots and related materials 353 glass(cid:1)ceramics 413
18.6 Discussion 414
T.K.HennaandK.Pramod
18.7 Conclusion 415
Abbreviations 353 References 415
viii
Contents
19. Cell responses to titanium and 22.5 Hybridorcompositebiomaterials 522
titanium alloys 423 22.6 Conclusionandfuturedirections 536
Acknowledgmentsandfinancialsupport 537
IshaMutreja,ZhouYeandConradoAparicio
Conflictsofinterest 537
19.1 Introduction 423 References 537
19.2 Surfacemodificationoftitaniumalloysto
induceappropriatecellresponses 424 23. Peripheral nervous system responses to
19.3 Antimicrobialcoatingsontitanium 434 biomaterials 555
19.4 Conclusion 441
RMurphy,AFaroniandA.JReid
References 441
23.1 Introduction 555
20. Cellular response to metal
23.2 Allografts 559
implants 453 23.3 Xenografts 559
GhazalehSalehi,AliasgharBehnamghaderandMasoudMozafari 23.4 Naturaldegradablenerveguidance
conduits 560
20.1 Introduction 453 23.5 Syntheticnerveguidanceconduits 562
20.2 Metallicimplants 454 23.6 Syntheticdegradablenerveguidance
20.3 Corrosionandmetalionrelease 457 conduits 563
20.4 Cellularresponsetometalimplants 458 23.7 Polymers 563
20.5 Modulationofhostresponsetoimplants 464 23.8 Summary 565
20.6 Conclusion 465 References 565
References 466
24. Cardiac responses to biomaterials 573
21. Cellular response to
JoanneO’Dwyer,RobertWylie,SallyAnnCryan,
nanobiomaterials 473
GarryP.DuffyandEimearB.Dolan
RobinAugustineandAnwarulHasan
24.1 Biomaterialsforcardiacapplications 573
21.1 Introduction 473 24.2 Foreignbodyresponse 573
21.2 Factorsaffectingnanobiomaterial(cid:1)cell 24.3 Biocompatibilitytestingofbiomaterials 575
interactions 474 24.4 Biomaterials 577
21.3 Variousinteractionsbetweennanobiomaterials 24.5 Stateoftheartapproachestoreducethe
andcells 479 foreignbodyresponse 587
21.4 Conclusion 492 24.6 Potentialusesoftheforeignbody
Acknowledgments 493 response 590
References 493 24.7 Conclusion 591
References 591
III
25. Vascular responses to
Tissue response to biomaterials
biomaterials 601
ElisaALiehn,MihaelaRusuandSauriHernandez-Resendiz
22. Central nervous system responses to
biomaterials 507 25.1 Introduction 601
25.2 Biomaterialsinvasculardiseases 602
M.Tsintou,P.P.Wro´belandK.Dalamagkas
25.3 Vascularresponsetobiomaterials 606
22.1 Introduction 507 25.4 Vascularresponsetobiofunctionalizationof
22.2 Polymers 510 biomaterials 610
22.3 Metals 519 25.5 Futureperspectives 612
22.4 Ceramics 521 References 613
ix
Contents
26. Bone responses to biomaterials 617 29. Gastrointestinal response to
biomaterials 667
CristinaSobacchi,EleonoraPalaganoandCiroMenale
AmirHosseinBahmanpourandMasoudMozafari
Abbreviations 617
26.1 Introduction 618 29.1 Introduction 667
26.2 Skeletalcellresponsetobiomaterials 620 29.2 Oralcavityandpharynx 668
26.3 Immunecellresponsetobiomaterials 624 29.3 Oesophagus 669
26.4 Vascularcellresponsetobiomaterials 628 29.4 Stomach 670
26.5 Conclusion 630 29.5 Smallintestine 673
References 630 29.6 Largeintestine 676
29.7 Conclusion 676
27. Tendon and muscle responses to References 677
biomaterials 637
30. Ocular responses to biomaterials 681
WilsonWang,BryanT.H.KohandChrisSteffi
MaudGorbet,DanaToameh,CameronPostnikoffand
27.1 Introduction 637 RobertPintwala
27.2 Managementoftendon/muscleinjuriesand
30.1 Introductiontobiocompatibilityinthe
responses 640
eye 681
27.3 Regenerativestrategiesfortendon/muscle
30.2 Anatomyandphysiologyoftheeyeinrelation
injuries 642
tobiomaterialapplications 682
27.4 Conclusion 648
30.3 Ocularresponsetobiomaterialsintheanterior
References 649
chamber 687
30.4 Ocularresponsetobiomaterialsinthe
28. Pulmonary system responses to
posteriorsegment 692
biomaterials 653 30.5 Conclusion 694
References 694
AmirHosseinBahmanpour,TinaNavaeiandFereshtehAhadi
28.1 Introduction 653 31. Skin responses to biomaterials 701
28.2 Syntheticbiomaterialsandtheirapplications ShiyuLiu,HaiyanLiuandChenxiZheng
inpulmonaryadministration 654
28.3 Syntheticbiomaterialsfordrugdeliveryin 31.1 Introduction 701
lungs 656 31.2 Generaldescriptionoftheskintissue 702
28.4 Usesofsyntheticbiomaterialsinlungtissue 31.3 Skinresponsestobiomaterials 704
engineering 657 31.4 Theroleofscaffoldingmaterialsinskintissue
28.5 Naturalbiomaterialsforpulmonary engineering 712
applications 659 31.5 Futureperspectives 713
28.6 Conclusion 661 References 713
References 662 Index 719
List of Contributors
Sara Abdollahi Department of Surgery, Judite Novais Barbosa i3S - Instituto de
Section of Cardiac Surgery, The University of Inovac¸a˜o e Investigac¸a˜o em Sau´de,
Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen,
Abhinav P. Acharya Chemical Engineering, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de
Engenharia Biome´dica, Rua Alfredo Allen,
School for the Engineering of Matter,
Transport and Energy, Arizona State Porto,Portugal; ICBAS-InstitutodeCieˆncias
Biome´dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do
University,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto,
Fereshteh Ahadi Biomaterial Group, Faculty
Portugal
of Biomedical Engineering (Center of
Excellence), Amirkabir University of Aliasghar Behnamghader Nanotechnology &
AdvancedMaterialsDepartment,Materials&
Technology,Tehran,Iran
Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran,
Neda Alasvand Bioengineering Research
Iran
Group, Department of Nanotechnology and
MonicaBoffito DepartmentofMechanicaland
Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy
ResearchCenter(MERC),Tehran,Iran AerospaceEngineering,PolitecnicodiTorino,
Turin,Italy
Conrado Aparicio MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental
Joseph Boktor Division of Cardiac Surgery,
Research Center for Biomaterials and
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD,
Biomechanics, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,MN,UnitedStates UnitedStates
Robin Augustine Department of Mechanical Alice Brion Museum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196,
and Industrial Engineering, College of
Sorbonne Universite´s, 43 rue Cuvier, Paris,
Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar;
Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar France
University,Doha,Qatar Diane J. Burgess Department of
Fatma Betu¨l Ayanog˘lu Tissue Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut,Storrs,CT,UnitedStates
Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Irene Carmagnola Department of Mechanical
Science&StemCellInstitute,Ankara,Turkey and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di
Amir Hossein Bahmanpour Biomaterial Torino,Turin,Italy
Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Berivan Cecen Department of Biomechanics,
(Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University DokuzEylulUniversity,Izmir,Turkey
ofTechnology,Tehran,Iran Valeria Chiono Department of Mechanical
MihaelaBaican DepartmentofPharmaceutical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di
Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Torino,Turin,Italy
Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, Sally Ann Cryan Advanced Materials and
Iasi,Romania BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER),
SaraBanijamali EngineeringCeramicsResearch Trinity College Dublin, Royal College of
Group, Ceramic Department, Materials and SurgeonsinIreland,&NationalUniversityof
EnergyResearchCenter(MERC),Tehran,Iran Ireland, Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy
xi
xii
ListofContributors
and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Nicholas G. Fischer MDRCBB—Minnesota
Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and
Engineering Research Group, Royal College Biomechanics, University of Minnesota,
ofSurgeonsinIreland,Dublin,Ireland Minneapolis,MN,UnitedStates
K. Dalamagkas UCL Division of Surgery & Maud Gorbet Department of Systems Design
Interventional Science, Center for Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, ON,Canada;School of Optometry and Vision
University College London, London, United Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Kingdom;Department of Physical Medicine ON,Canada
and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Anwarul Hasan Department of Mechanical
Health Science Center at Houston, and Industrial Engineering, College of
Houston, TX, United States; TIRR Memorial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar;
Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar
Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, United University,Doha,Qatar
States
JiaHe Department ofPharmaceuticalSciences,
Eimear B. Dolan Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United
SchoolofEngineering,CollegeofScienceand States
Engineering, National University of Ireland,
T.K. Henna College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Galway,Ireland
Govt.MedicalCollege,Kozhikode,Kerala,India
Garry P. Duffy Anatomy, School of Medicine,
Sauri Hernandez-Resendiz National Heart
College of Medicine Nursing and Health
Research Institute Singapore, National Heart
Sciences, National University of Ireland,
Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National
Galway, Ireland; Advanced Materials and
University of Singapore Medical School,
BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER),
Singapore,Singapore
Trinity College Dublin, Royal College of
Mojgan Heydari Nanomaterials Research
SurgeonsinIreland,&NationalUniversityof
Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced
Ireland,Galway,Ireland
Materials Department, Materials and Energy
Mehdi Ebrahimi Oral Rehabilitation, Prince ResearchCenter(MERC),Tehran,Iran
Philip Dental Hospital, The University of
Narutoshi Hibino Department of Surgery,
HongKong,HongKong
Section of Cardiac Surgery, The University of
Ays¸e Eser Elc¸in Tissue Engineering, Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology
Sahil Inamdar Chemical Engineering, School
Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of
for the Engineering of Matter, Transport and
Science&StemCellInstitute,Ankara,Turkey
Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Yas¸ar Murat Elc¸in Tissue Engineering, AZ,UnitedStates
Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology
Ayse Kalemtas Department of Metallurgical
Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of
and Materials Engineering, Bursa Technical
Science & Stem Cell Institute, Ankara,
University,Bursa,Turkey
Turkey; Biovalda Health Technologies, Inc.,
Ankara,Turkey Bryan T.H. Koh Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, National University of Singapore,
A Faroni Blond McIndoe Laboratories,
Singapore,Singapore
Division of Cell Matrix Biology and
Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Leyla Didem Kozaci Department of Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Biochemistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit
Health, Manchester Academic Health Science University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of
Centre, The University of Manchester, Translational Medicine, Ankara Yildirim
Manchester,UnitedKingdom BeyazitUniversity,Ankara,Turkey
