Table Of ContentPUBLICATIONS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, NO. 23
EditoRary, mondA . PaymeJrr.,
HANDBOOKOF
AVIANA NATOMY:
NOMINAA NATOMICAA VIUM
SecEodnidt ion
Editbeyd
JuliBaanu mel
1.
and
AnthoSny.K ingJ,a meEs. B reazile,
HowarEd. E vanasn,d J ameCs. V andeBne rge
ConsulftoaTrna tx onomRyi:c haLr.dZ usi
ConsulftoaCrnl ta ssiLcaanlg uagLeusb:o mMiarl inovsIey
Preparbeytd h Ien ternatiCoonrnarnli ttoeneA v ianA natornical
Nornenclatau croemrni,t teoe ft heWo rlAds sociaotfi on
VeterinAanrayt ornists.
CAMBRIDGMEA,S SACHUSETTS
Publisbhyet dh eC lub
1993
Mo�2 0] G\.
2
VERITASJ USTITIAL IBERTAS
Veterinarmedizinische
Bibliothek
FREIEU NIVERSITÁTB ERLlN
HANDBOOK
8Y-6/ 35/1't-Cf3
OF
AVIANA NATOMY
7
Publicaotfti hoNenu st tall
OrnithoCllougbi cal
1. TChoem paratBiivoel oogfyt heM eadow1ar(kSs tumienlW ilsac)on sin.
WesleEy. L anyon1.9 57v.i i+i 6 7p g.3,1 p Is.
2.C omparatBirveee diBnegh avioofrF ourS pecioefsN ortAhm erican
HeronAsn.d tewJ .M eyerrie1c9k6s0.v. i i+i 1 58p .,1 5p Is.
3.S tructAudraaplt atiooftn hseH eada ndN ecki nt heB lacSkkirnm er ,
Rynchopnsi gLrai nneaRiucsh.a rLd. Z usi1.9 62v.i i+i 1 01p .44; figs.
4.T heR ough-winSgwaeldl oSw telpgtiedryruoxfi col(lViiesi lAl oStt)u.d y
Baseodn I tsB reediBnigo loignyM ichigan. WAi.lL luinakm1. 9 62.
vii+i 1 55p .1, 9fi gs.3, p Is.
5.E coloagnyd B ioenergeotfit chseL ong-biMlalresdWh r enTe. lemato
dytes palus(Btrreiwsst iengGr re)oi,r sgeSiuaals Mta rsheHse.r beW.r t
Kale,II .1 965x.v i+ 142p .6,1 t able22sfi ,g s.
6.C ornmunicatiaonnd R elationisnht ihpesG enusTy raunnsW.. John
Smith1.9 66x. + 250p .3, tabl5e1sfi ,g s.
7.L ifeH istoroifeC se ntrAamle ricaHni gh1anBdi rdsA.l exandF.e r
Skutc1h9.6 7v.i + 213p .1, tabl6e fi,g s.
8.B reediBnigo loogfyt heB lue-facBeodo b,y Sulada ctylpaetrrsao nata,
onG reeIns lanKdu,re AtCoalmle.r oBn.K epler. 196+9 9.7 p v.4i,2i i
tabl3e2sfi ,g s.
9.S peciThxae s ofN ortAhm ericBainr dAs .C ontributtoCi oomnp arative
SystemaEtimcsstM. ayr andLe sterL .S hort. 1v9i7+ 0 1.2 7p g.8,ta bles.
10.S tudioefsT ropicAamle ricBainr ds. AleF.x aSnkduetrc h. 1v9i+7 2.
228p .2, tabl1e5sfi, g s.
11.C ornmunicatiaonndO theSro ciBaelh aviionPr ar ucsa roliSnuesnasn is.
T.S mith1.9 7.2. x+ 125 p.,6 tabl2e2sfi ,g s.
12.A vifauonfat heE asteHrni g1handosfN ewG uineJaa.r eMd. Diamond.
1972v.i i+i 4 38p .1,9 t abl4e2sfi ,g s.4, m aps.
13.G eographDiicffaelr entiiantt ihoeGn e nuAs ccipJiatnWe art.te 1l9.7 3.
vi+ 231p .,8 2t able2s1fi ,g s.2,7 m aps.
14.A vianS peciatiinTo rno piScoault Ahm ericWai.t ha SysetmatiScu rvey
oft heT ouca(nRsa mphastainddaJ ea)c amars (GalJbüurlgieHdnaa fe).
fer1.9 74v.i i+i 3 90 p3.1,t abl8e5sfi, g s.2, p Is.
15.A vianE nergetics. AR.aPa yymnotn,edJ r r.(,e ditor),v i1i+9i 73 43.4
p.4,8 t abl5e7sfi ,g s.
v
7
En
vi
16.
ComparatSitvued oyf T odie(sTo didaew)i,tE hm phasoins t heP uerto
1977. 206 CONTENTS
RicaTno dyT.o dumsex icanuAsn.g elKaa yK epler. xiv+ p.,
37ta ble6s,7f igs7.m ,a ps.
17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Relationsohfi thpes S uperordAelresc toromorapnhdaC eh aradrio ...... . ........ .... . . .... . . ...............x. i
morpha(eAv es)A: C omparatSitvued oyf t heA vianH andB.o riCs. INTRODUCTION
1978.1 91 37
Stegmann. vi+ p., figs.
KING
18. A.S .
Geographic VianrS ioactiBiaeolhn a viaonrdi nA daptattiooC nosm peti
tioAnm ongA ndeaBni rdMsa.r tiMno yniahn.1 97v9i+ . 1 6p2. ,f ron HistorBiaccaklg ro.u.n.d. ......................x.i.i.i. ........
tispi4ec2te a,eb ls,1 6fi gs1.m ,a p. GenerOablj ectiovfNe os miAnnaa toAmviuicm.a .. .............x.v
19N.ew StudoifTe rso picAamle ricBainr dAsl.e xandF.e Srk utc1h8.9 1. TheS econEdd iti.o.n. ........................x.v. ...........
281 7 11
vi+ p., tabl,e sfigs. Readers.h.i.p. ...........................x.v. .............
20.
LifHei stoSrtyu dioefWs o odpeckoefrE sa steNronr tAhm erica. Law Tit.l.e. ...............................x.v.i. ..............
1983. 240 58
rencKei lham. vii+i p.,f ronties,pi feicgs. Terminol.o.g.y. ..........................x.v.i. ...........
2l.
NewfoundlBainrdd sE:x ploit,1a St97ti8uo.dn y,2 7C3o nseWrivlaltiia2Aom.n3 . VariatiinoL nast iuns agient hev arioNuosm i.n.a.. ..........x.v i
MontevecacnhdLi e slMi.e Tu ck. x + p.,f rontis,p iece Annotati.o.n.s. ........................................ xviii
40
tabl,e sfigs. Bibliogr.a.p.h.y. ........................x.v.i.i.i. .........
22.
PaleognathBoiursdf sr omt heE arlTye rtiaorfty h eN ortheHrne mi
lllustr.a.t.i.o.n.s. .......................x.v.i.i.i. .........
1988. 148 27 41
spherPee.t eW.r Houde. vii+i p., tabl,e sfigs.
23. Inde.x. ................................x.i.x. .............
HandbooofkA vianA natomNyo:m inAan atornicAavi um.S econEdd i
tioJnu.l i1a.Bn a ume(le dit1or99)3,x. xi +v 77p9p .2,t abl,1e s9fi1gs . Informaotniu osni ntgh Ne omiAnnaoa mtiAcvai .u.m.. .........x.i x
Taxonornicn omencla.t.u.r.e. ..................x.i.x. ........
1993 Abbreviations .......................x.x. ...................
Copyright
© Recommendfeodr mo fc itat.i.o.n.s. ..............x.x.i.i. .....
ByN uttaOlrln itholoCgliucba l OrganizaotfiI CoAnA N. .......................x.x.i.i. ........
Gener.a.l. '.. .. ..........................x.x.i.i. ..........
Publicaotfit ohnNesu ttall Omithologibceao lb tCaliunfber dom tma hye
Functioofn s GeneCrhaali rmaannd Secretary Genexrxaili i. .......
NuttaOlrnilt hologiCclaul,be /oM useumo fC omparatZiovoel ogHya,r vard
Functioofns su bcommicthtaeier maennd
University
02138 subcommimtetmebee r.s. .....................x.x.i.v. .......
Cambrgied,M assachusetts
FunctioofnE sx ecutCiovmem itt.e.e. ..............x.x.i.v. ....
FunctioofnE sd itorCioamlm ittee .......................... xxiv
Controvetresrima.sl. .......................x.x.i.v. ........
1.TE RMSIINTIEU TMD IRECTPIAOTRNIEUCMMO RPOIRNlDSI ECSA NT
CLARJKR,
G. A. .•...............•.................•.•.....
2.A NTAOMTIOAP ROAGPHICA EXTERNA
CLARJKR,. . .7
G.A . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . • • .
3:I NTEGUMCEONMTMUUMN E
CLARJKR, 17
G. A. ...•......•........•.• . . . . .............•...
vii
CONTSE NT CONTENTS
viii ix
4. OSTEOLOGIA 15S.Y STNEEMVARO SUM PERlPHERICUM
BAMUEALN LD. M .W ITME.R . ... ....4. 5 L.D UBLBDEAM . 555
1.1 . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... 1. ............. ...........................
.5 57
Nervcir ania.l.e..s. ...................................
5.A RTHROLOGIA . .5 59
Nervsip ina.l.e..s. ...................................
BAUMEALN D RR.A IK.O.W ........... ......1.3..3.. .. . . . . . . 562
1.J . 1. Divisciraon iosac.r.a.l.i...s. .........................
. . . 563
Divistihoo racolum.b.a.l.i..s. . .......................
6.M YOLOGIA
VANDEN BERGEZ WAENED.R S. . ............1..98. .. . 16O.R GASNEAN S[UOMR GSAENNAS ORIA]
1.C . G.A .
EVANS MARTIN 585
H.E . andG .R . •.•..•.•.••.•.....•....•.....
7.P ERlCMA,RP DLIEUUERTPA E ROINTEUM 588
Organuvmi su[sO cul.u.s.]. ............................. .
McLELLAND 251 591
1. .... .............•..•.•..•........•...... .. Organuvme stibuloco[cAhu1rei.as.r.]e. ....................
8. APPRAERSRATPAUOlTSR I[USSY STREEMSAPO lRRIAUTM] APPENAD:LI TAXI GNR AMMAR
KING 257 KING 613
A.S . ...••.•..•..•..•....••.•..••.•.••..•....•..•.. A.S . • •.•••..•••.....•......••.•..•.•.••.......•.••.•
APPENBD:MI EXM BOERFIS C AAN 619
9.A PPTAURDSAI GOERSIT[USSY STAELMINAMT EAMRI]U .•....••...••.•..•..•....•..•.••.
McLELL.A.ND. 301 REFERENCES 625
J. ''. •...•....•.....•..•.......•....•••..•. •.••••.••••.•••••.•.••.•.••••••••.••••...•••..••.
INDEX 721
10A.P PTAU'USRR AOGAELNII[STS YSTUERMOAGI AETNLE] .•....•..••.•.•••...•.••••..••••.•.••.••..•.•.••.••.••
KING 329
A.S . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ". ....•.......... ...
. . 330
Organuar ina.r.i.a. ... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .... . .... . . . . . .
. . . ...3.47
Organgae nitmaalsicau l.i.n.a. . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .... .
. .. 370
Organgae nitafleirnian i.n.a. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .
.. . . . .. . " .3.9 0
Cloac.a. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . ....
11G.L AUNL DAEEN DOCRAIEN
EpP.LE. . .........................................39..9. .
A.
1.2S YSTCEAMRAD IUOLVAARSCE
BAUMEL .407
1.1 . ....•....•........... . . . . ......•...........•
'". . . ...40.9. . .
Cor. . .................... ................
. .416
Arter.i.a.e. .........................................
443
Vena.e. .............. . . ...............................
13S.Y STLEYMMPAH TAICEUTMS PL[ELNI EN]
D.B EREVN.RS A UETNFEL.D .. 477
. . . . .......... . . . . . . ...... . . . .
SYSTNEEMVRAO SUCME NTRALE
14. BREAZILWE. KUENZEL . . .493
1.E . and 1. . . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . . . . . .
. . .494
Medulslpai na.l.i.s. . . . . . . . . ...... .... . . . . . ..........
. . .495
Encepha.l.o.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .. . . . . . .
ACKNWOLEDGEMENTS
Preparoaftt hifeoi nre sdti toifto hnNeo m inAan aomtiAcvaui mw assu p
portinep da bryta g energoruafsnr tot mhU e.S .N atiLoinbarloa fMr eyd i
cinheo;w e,va esrsisftraontmch esi so urwcaesu navaiflotarhb sele ec ond
editCioonns.e qyu,m eonsottftl hvee rcyo nsidseurpapbfolorreret a dying>the
secoenddi thiabosen e inn diprreocvtbyi, dt ehddee partomfte hnuetn si versi
tioeris n stiotftu hsteue bsc ommcihtamtieernwe h ihcahv e abmsuocorhfb ed
thceo sotft ravweolrp,dr ocessingh,e lsppeo,cs rtelatoganerg,i- adli stance
communicpahtoitoonc,oa prytiwneogtr,Mck y.,o wDni visoifAo nna tomy
oft hDee partomfBe inotm edSicciaelnC creesi,gU hntiovne Srcshiotooyfl
Medichianbseo ,rn ane e xtraosrhdaiornftea h reys e eCxepareitnonsf e st.h e
indivsiudbucaolm mcihtatierhema evcneo ntritbouwtaterhdcdeo sotfts h e
projfreocmpt e rsroensaolu rces.
Wea rqeu igtrea tfeofuarls sisptraonvcibyed tewddo i rgercatn Tthse.
grafnrtot mhD ei recotfto hrPeso urlySt cience AosfsC ohcaimapatiigonn,
Il(lt.h rwo.uJgK.hu enzwealos)f g reabteenseitfint t h lea tsttearog fet sh e
reviseisopne,c ially thea nodwp otrpidrc oacle issnscviaonnlignvn i endg
compiloaftt hibeoi nb lioagnrtdah pgehe yn eirnadle xog raTfnhrteot mh e
WorVledt erinarAys sPoocui(lattthriryoLo n.u NgPa.hy new)a uss eidnd e
frayeixnpge nsesb yit nhSceeu crrreGetedan reoyrf Ia ClA AN.
Weg rateafcuklnloyw tlhecedr giet iacniadsd mv iocnLe a toifn F.M.A.
JoneDse,p artomfe nCtl aansAdsr icchsa eoUlnoigvye,or fsL iitvye rpool,
anodfB .S tuKairntg .
Int hper eparoaftt hmieao nnu sctrhcieop ntt,r iobfMu atriAyon nnK ee efe,
DiviosfiA onna toCmrye,i gUhntvioenr sciatnynb,oeo t v ersWteaa tpepdr.e
ciahteserk iilnwl o rpdr oceassws eilnalgsh eurt most willingness, interest,
anmde ticautltoeutnsotd ieotinano i rlg anainzcdio nlgl tahtmeia nngu script.
GeraSlcdh nemiodsectra paabnlpdya tiemnatnlaygo eudpr r oblweimtsh
word proacnoedps tsiiscncagal n ning.
Wea rien detbott ehCdeo unocfti hlNe u ttall OrnCiltuhabon tldoo gical
RaymoAn.Pd a nyteJrr,e. d,i otfot rhP eu blicsaetrioiofetn shsN e O C,f or
underttahpkeui bnlgi coaftt hsieeo cno enddi toifto hnNeo miAnnaa tomica
AviuPmr.a iseiwDsor rPa.ty hnyt erre'cso gnoiftt hieo nfn oesret da ndardized
nameofst haen atopmaircotafbsl i radnstd h vea loufse u cahna natomical
referweonrtckose c ienotfmi asnstyps e ciafliieozlfoed rdsn ithAodmlio�g y.
rabiIshe i tso lerianen ncdeu rasi uncgc eosfse iloanpd seeadd lfiosnrue bs
miisoson ft hceo mplmeatneuds cript.
-1.1 .B .
xi
INTORDUCTNI O
ANTHONS.YK ING
HITSORIACLB ACKGROUND
TheI ntematCioomnmailto tneA evi anA natomNiocmaeln clature
(ICAAwNa)sf ounbdyet dhW eo rlAds socioafVt eitoenr Ainnaatroym ists
(WVAA)i n1 791T.h ed etaoiftl hbsea ckgrtootu hneidvs e wnetrs eu rnma
rizientd h e GeInnetrraoldt uotc htfieir oesndt i toifto hne NoAmniantao mica
Aviu(mN AA()1 97T9h)ef. i Gresnte Crhaali rwmaaAsnl frMe.Ld u caist;
wahsi usn tidreivnogtt oti hoaend vancoefam veinatn morplheotdlo o gy that
thfeo rmaotfIi CoAnA NU.n dehria sc tlievaed etrhsmehe impb erwsahsi p
rapiadulgym enitnecdl autbdoo7e u0 it n temationarle paruetsheonrtiitnige s,
alb!r ancohfae vsi maonr phoWlitoghyit.nw yoe adrrsa lfti sftoasrl tlh e
systoeftm hsbe o dhya bde epnr epaarnetddh ,ew seerc eo nsiidn1e r9e7ad3t
thFei rGsetn eMreaelt oifIn CgA AiNnO mahNae,b raAstkt ahm.ie se ting
A.M .L ucraesl inqtuhipeso hsoetfGd e neCrhaali ramnawdna ,rs e placed
byA .S .K inIgn1. 7 94I CAArNe cepirvoevdi lsiisoanttias tSl se coGnedn
eraMle etiinnL gi verpool,A tt Ehnmigesle atnAid.nS. g.K inrge signed
frotmhG ee neCrhaali rmaann1sd.Jh B .ia pu mweales l ecGteendeC rhaali r
mana,no ffihceeh ahse ltdot hper esAeftnetmroe etionftg hsEe d itorial
CommiitntLe ivee rpion1o 9l7 a6ni dn I thaNceawY, o rikn1 97t7hfi,er st
editoifto hNneo minAan atomiAcvaiu wm apsu bliisn1h 9e.7d 9
The nomenocfml aarnmtaulriaeansna t(ohmuym Naonm,i nAan atomica,
NA;v eterNionmairnAayn ,a tomiVectae rinaNriAVa;,h istoNloomignya,
HistoloNgiHc;aa n,e dm bryoNloomignyEam, b ryologiNcEa)h, a vaelb le en
revipseerdf odRiecgaulullpaydr.a itisen vgem no rnee cesfsoatrrh NyeA A
thatnho et hNeomri nab,e caiuctso en teaxitnesnr seivvioeeft w hsle i terature.
Consequaetanm teleyt,oi fIn CgA AiNn1 98a5tt hReo yVaelt erCionlary
legLeo,n dionna ,s sociwaitttihhXo eIn I Itnht emaCtoinognraoelfAs nsa t
omyp,l afnotsr h per eparoafast eicoonen ddi toifto hNneA Aw erien itiated.
Att hamte etiitwn agsd ecitdohe adr motnhiNezA eA w itthhN eAV for
anatotmeircamanslwd i tthhN eH f ohri stoltoegriAmc gsar.le m aatno yft he
terwmesr ael retahdseya mOeb.v ioussolrntyee, r imnts h e NAAt or elate
strucwthuiracerhsse t riacvtilaaynn t,dh ewsiela ll wacyosn stdiitfufteer
encbeest wteheNenA Aa ntdh oet hNeormi naS.o rnoet hteerr imnst he
NAAa rseny onyomfNs A V anNdH t ermbsuwt,e rsee lebcetceadtu hseey
xiii
xiv A. S.K ING INTRCOTDIUON xv
inc ommonu sei na vialni teraAtlusrsoeo .m e midnioffre renacreoss e Int hel ighotft hiwse lcomdee cisiIoCnA,A Nc onveniendA ntweripn
are
throutghhem anne!nr w hicLha titne rmasr ec onstru(csteebede loVw,a ria Augus1t9 89a,tt hPer inLceeo pold InosfTtriotpuitcMeae ld icitnoef ,i nalize
tionisnL atiUns agien t heV arioNuosm inaS)u.c ht ermhsa vbee ebnr ought thoeb jectainvdef so rmoaftt hnee we ditiIonnA .u gusotft hef ollowing year,
thes ubcommicthtaeier moefnI CAANm eta tT hftsU niversBiotsyt,o ann,d
intloi nwei tthh eN AV int hes econedd itiooftn h eN AA.
ind iscusswiiottnhh NeO C,a greteodc ompleatm ea nuscrbiypA tp ri1l9 91.
ICAANn exmte t( 1986a)t t heZ oologiLsacbho ratoorfit uhmeU niversity
Thep reparaotfit ohne1 6c haptoerfts h en ewe ditihoansb eepnr imarily
ofL eideTnh.e riet propostehdat th es econedd itiooftn h Ne AA should
was
thew orko ft hei ndivisduubaclo mmicthtaeier maesni ,n dicaitnte hde p re
be readyby mid-19a8n9d t haittw ouIhda vet obe largely rewwirtiht ten,
expansoifotn h et exbty a bou1t5% , 25t o3 0a dditiiolnlauls traatnido ns, amblteo e achc haptTehre.fi nalc ollatainodin n tegratoifot nh el isotfs
termsa,n notatiaonndis l,l ustroafta iloclnh sa ptetrhseu, n ificaotfit ohne
severmaolr ep ageosfr eferences.
biblipohgyra,a ndt hep reparatoifot nh ei ndehxa,v bee ent hew orko ft he
Sincteh eu nderstandoifsn tgr uctruerqeu itrheeis n tegraotfai loilnt ass
General Chairman.
pectist,wa s resolvteocd o mplettheeh istolotgeircmafslo rt hev isceral
syste(mSsp lanchnobluotgn ioatt) oi, n clutdheet ermfso trh ec elolr b asic
GENEARLO BJETCVIESO F
tisssuiensct eh esaer el iketloby e s tandfaorvrde rtebraantdce osv erbeydt he NOMINA
NH.An importgaonatwl a st ok eetph ep ricoeft heb ooka sl owa sp ossible ANATOMIACVAI UM
ino rdetrh aittw oulbed readialviyal abtlote h ei ndiviwdourakle r.
Inh iss earcfho ra publishtehreG, e neral ChaoifrI mCaAnA N,J ulian Thep rinciopbajle ctoifvt eh es econedd itiooftn h eN ominAan atomica
Baumela,p proacthheeSd m ithsonian Inwshtiictdhile tciloanir,eti dsn terest Aviuimst hes amea st haotft hef irnsatm,e ltyop romoitnernt aetionsacli en
tifciocm municabtyie osnt abliasnha ignrge etdrn1e inoloignya universally
inp ublishtihnebg oo k foarn a ffordapbrliec beu,to nliyf a substanstuibal
acceptleadn guaOgteh.eg re neroablj ectairvete oss urvtehyle i teraatnudtr oe
ventioofwn a sr eceivTehdi.ws o ulbde s imiltaotr h es ubventpiroonv idbey d
proviad bei bliograanpdih lyl ustraTthiuostn hsNe. o minAan atomiAcviau m
thNea tionLailb raorfHy e alttohw artdh ep ublicabtyiA ocna demPirce sfso r
isu niqaumeo ntgh see verNaolm inbay b einngo to n1ayl isotft ermbsu ta lso
thefi rsetd ition. Thef oras esaurbcvhe ntiotnh esf eocro nedd itinoonw
ana natomirceafle rebnocoekI .n p ractiacceh,i evtihneog b jectoifsv tea nd
becameu rgent.
ardiztinhgen omenclaftourra ev iaann atomiyn volvcehdo osionnget erm
lCAANm eta gaiinn A ugus1t9 87i nM ontreianla ,s sociawtiitothnh e
whertew oo rm orew erien u ser,e plactienrgmt sh awte reo bvioudselfye c
InternatiCoonnaglr eosfst heW orlVde terinAasrsyo cia(tWiAVoAn) . The
tivaen,d d evisnienwgt ermisnL atiwnh enn oneex isted.
meetinwasg largeoclcyu piebdy fi nanciparlo bleDmess.p iftaeov rabalse Ins electteirnmgst hef ollowipnrgi ncipwiheisca,hr ec ommotno t heo ther
sessmeonftt sh ea cademviacl uoeft heN AA bsye veruanli verpsuibtlyi shing Nominaw,e ref ollow(e1da:)s f ewc hangaessp ossisbhloeu lbdem adei n
housepsr,o grwase ssa ta s tandsftriollmla cokf s upportfuinndgsi ft hep rice welels tablitsehremd(s ;2 w)i tfhe we xcepntsi,eo acsht ructsuhroeu lbde ar
oft hbe ookw erteo be moderatPer.i vaptueb licabtydi eosnk tmoept howdass on1oyn en ame(;3 e)a cthe rsmh oubldei nL ati(n4;e )a ctehr ms houbldea s
(5)
rejecast endo td oinjgu sttioct eh ew orkA.n i nterferselteo awans offered by shoratn ds impalsep ossiblee;a cthe rsmh oubldee astyo r emembearn,d
(7)
theW AVA,b utt hec osotf p ublicaatniduo nnc ertaianbtoiuretes p ayitnhge shouladb oyael ble i nformat(i6ev)pe o;n ymssh oulndo tb eu sed; every
loadni scouraagcecde ptaTnhcees .e arcfho rf undwsa se xtendteood t her minosrt ructnuereend o tb en amed.
foundatainodsn csi entsiocfiiect iients h eU S andU K.
Ine arl1y9 89w,i tthh ea ssistoafnG ceeo rgCel arokf t heU niversoift y THES ECNODE DITION
Connecticut, the General ChtahieNr umtatnaO lrnlai ptphroolaocghiecda l
Clu(bN O C). A tt heen do ft hayte atrh ePu blicaCtioomnmsi ttoefte h NeO C
ReadershTihpe.w orki sd esignfeodar l bli ologwihsott se acohrr esearch
authoriRzaeydm onAd. Pa ynteJr.r,, e ditoofrt heN uttaOlrnli thological
witnho rmaolr p athologaivciaamlna teriHaolw.e veirt,c annomte ett he
CluPbu blicattioao cncse,tp htse e conedd itiooftn h Ne AA fopru blicaitni on
needosft hosweh ol acak g energarlo undiinnv ge rtebmroartpeh oglyo,s ince
itsse ries. limitatoifso pnasc per eclutdheed eifnitioofmn a nyb asisct ruct(uerg.e.s,
--.....,... ...... ---------------------------- -------------------_
xvi A. S.K ING INTRODUCTlON xvii
CarpometaMceasrepnucse,p Thhaela onnn)o.t adtodi eofinnsset rucrteures thuissa hgaebs e erne taiintn heNdeA V( 1983). "Hroewnecavoler rtc,ea xn"
quirsipencgi alkniowzleedd g(ee .Cgo.r pvuass cuplhaar,leb l uift)o fru ll alsboed iretcrtalnys ilnatCtooe rdt reexn aalnitdsh ,ti esr wma sa dopbtye d
descridpettiatvihselet s a ndwáorrdokn sa viaanna toamnpydh ysi,oa lnodgly thfeo uretdhi toifot nhN eA andt hfei resdti toifot nh NeH (published
ort hoer igpianpearlcs i tientd h aen notaatrireoe nqsu,i red. togeitnh1 e9r7 7t)h;hi asbs e erne taiinnt ehsdei xetdhi toifto hnNe A a nd
TItleT.h et itolfte h beo ohka bse ecnh angteoH dan dbo0o1kA viaAnn at thteh ierddi toifto hnNe H ( publtiosgheeitdnh1 e9r8 9O)t.h neerwa djectival
omyN:o minAan atomAivciau m2,n dEd itiinoo nr,db eert ttoer re preistesn t foromcsc urirnte hdfe o uarntsdhi xetdhi toifot nhNseA ,u suaalsol fyfi cial
conte"nHtasn.d boiosuk s"ei dnt hsee nosfea r eferbeonocckeo ncisely alterna[tibinrv aecsk eextasm]p;al reOess scar a[nciria nainaOdls isaca]a rpi
covertihinemg p orfteaanttou far w ehso fileel odfk nowleTdhgere e.l ation [carpaanlodita h]e,ar psp eairnte hdse i xetdhi tsiuocanhs C avitthaosr acis
shibept wetehnte i atnltedh seu btoiftt hlfieer setd itrieoflne ctthheeid s tori [thoraTchieNHc a(]1.9 8w9e)ns to mewfuhratth feorer,x ampwlietC,ha vi
caolr iogfit nhw eo rNko.m inAan atomAivciau (ma natonmaimceoasfbl i rds) taosr i[so rawlhiesr]te haNesA r etaCianveidot raiss .
wacso nceaisav l eidos fnt a meosfa natompiacrlatilskt eho et h(emra mma Itwa fusr thaerrg uientd h feo uerdtiht oifto hnNeo minAan atom(icpa. A8)
liaNno)mi nab,u gtr aduaanlnloyt arteifoenrse,an ncdie lsl,u stwreartei ons antdh fier setd itoifto hnNe o minAan atomAivciau (mp xp-.x tih)at htme o re
develoTpehdep. r evisouubst i"tAlnAe n,n otAantaetdo mDiiccatli oonfa ry aL attienr rme semibtlvsee sm acueqluairv atlheeean stii,ite s rt oi nterpret
Bir,ds so"u gthoit n elsuudcaehc cesbsuiwtoa nssso mewmhiastl easdiinncge itT.h icsa nb ei llusbtyrt ahtteee drC ma vumn asoift hBea sNloem ina
thceo ntewnetrnseo cto mprehoerni snai lvpeh aboertdieTcrha.eul p dating Anatomiocf1a 8 9(5B NAt)h,Je e nNaom inAan atomiocf1a 9 3(6J NAa)n,d
anadu gmentoaftt hiaeon nn otaitnti honene swe diteinohna nictsesi gnifi thPea ris NAonmaitnoamo if1c 9a5( 5P NAI)nt. h feo uerdtiht oiftohnNe A
cancea s ourbcoeoo kfi nformoanta ivoimnao nr phology. thTeh erefore, in1 97t7h ibse caCmaev itnaas sain,dh afisn alyliye ltdoeC adv itnaass i
as
titanlsdeu bthiatvnleoe w b eerne vergsievdip,nr gi otroti htmeyo rgee neral [nasailnits h]se i xetdhi toifto hnNe A ( 1989)1.9 8Te3hd ei toifto hnNe A V
titolfHe an dbo0o1kA viaAnn atomy. harse taCianveudnm a sCLa vintaassae lliossr eelsye m"bnlaescsaa lv iotfy "
TerminolOongecy .h anagler emaednyt ioinste hdhe a rmoniozfat thieo n Engliasnhd", c avniatséa l"ec"a,vn iatsaa laen"d", c avindaasdao lft" h e
terwmist thh oosfte h NeA Va nNHd. Erroirnts h Lea tiintn h fier setd ition Romanlcaen guages. Thhiesl bpisso ilmoigsliausrcatihsst t ,yh ofsreo m
havbeee nc orreHcitsetdo.l toegrihmcasav lbe e esny stemaatdidcetadol ly ArabAifcr,i coarAn s,i an nwahtomi aoynh sa,vl ei totrnl oek nowleodfg e
thvei scseyrsatlae nmids n eluidnse odrn e ostyhsetr(e em.sIg n.t,e gument, Latbiunut s Ee ngloirsa hR omanlcaen guaasag s ee colnadn guage. This
Systelmyam phatSiocrnugemr )o.u opfts e rtmhsaw te rfer agmeinntt haer y substiotfu tCiaofvnoi Crta avsu wma se videinntiltyib yat theNedH .I ni ts
firesdti t(ieo.nJg u.n,c tluarrayen hgaivbsee) e cno mpleRtaerde(.le y. g., foot9n9ot,th efe o urth etdhiNetA i( o1n9 7no7of)t tehdia htta d"f ollowed
nephrpohna,l als uesot)ft erhmasbs e erne plabyc ferde tsehr bmass oend thHei stoSluobgcyo mmiints tuebes tiCtauvtiiftnoagCrs a vutmh roughout
newkn owledIgnge e.n eraasfl e,wt eramssp ossihbalvbeee ecnh anged. thsiesc ti(oSnp"l anchntohlucoshg ainag1)i2,tn egr mtsh,ec shea nbgeeisn g
Termsi nb rackfeotlsl otwhipenr gi mraercyo rnmentdeerdam rsse e condary carrfioerdw ianrttdoh s ei xetdhi toifto hnNe A (198T9h)eN. A V( 1983)
officiaallt ernlattailvietcsei.rz mesdo ntogenetic. retaCianveudtm h rougShpoluatn chnologia.
are
MlriatiionLan tsi nu sagient hev arioNuosm inIant. h Ien trodtuotc htei on Oner easfoodnre fenodlitdne gr imsts h atth ebye lotnoeg l assLiactailn ,
fourth oeftd hiNeto imoinnAa n atomi(cNaA ()1 977t:h8Ie)n ternational newt erbmesi l'negs ibsetceadtu hseeay r lea tLea toirne verne ceLnatt in
Comrnitteoen A natomNiocmaeln el(aItAuNraCed) v ocaa ltiebde arpal neologFiosermx sa.m pilitesp , o sstiobo lbej etcoC ta vibteacsa iuitss ne e w
proatcoth h ues oef La tiinna nat,oi mnay na ttetmosp itm plciofym ploerx Latiwnh,e reCaasv uimse lassLiactaiBlnu .tl inguairsgtuimcec natnbse
unfarniliar termSse.v ecroanls ervuastaigvweees r dei scusssuecadhst, h e dififcutlost u stFaoiernx .a mptlhete,h i rd oeftd hiet iNoAnV Arrebquoirr es
insisotnean nucleu tsh;iw sa sr eplaicnte hdfe o uretdhi toifto hnNe A b y bronchwailtihsto,huf eta miila,in ajdru stiiitfin ae nsn ot2a1tb9iy oc nl aim
annultuhsua,sg reewiinttghh fa em il"iaanrn ualnad"r a"n nulaire", though intgh atth iisst hceo rrLeacttsi pne llHionwge.vt ehrLe,a tDiinc tioonfa ry
thNeH i nt hsea mveo lusmteui slelad n uliunts h Sep ermatIotzw oaasol ns.o Lewiasn dS ho(r1t9 6a9n)dt hOex foDridc tiodnearribyvr eo ncfhrioam
poinotuettdh iantt hnee wNeorm inEam bryologaincNado minHai stologica, [3poyxia-Gwrietaehnik o,tb ae fotrhaeel phAan.o trheears foornre sisting
adjecrtaitvhteehsra g ne nitwievrpeers e feirnmr aendoy f t hnee wlLya tin chanogefos l idn tnoe wt erimsst hatth iisnr fingtehsfe i rosftt h see ven
izeedm bryolaonghdii csatlo ltoegrimacsna,dtl h asto rneex istteirnimgns princfiopsrie else ctteirn(mgms e ntiaobnoeyLdee ).t,,h aastf ecwh anagse s
thNeA itsweelrfse i milaalrtleyFr oered x.a mp"lree,nc aolr tceaxnb" e posssihboluebl emd a dien w elels tabltiesrhmTeshd.ea uthoofsr tsa ndard
preseanstC eordt reexn aissi ,nt hPea rNiosm ina Anatoofm1 i9c5aa5 n,d anatomtiecxatlbn oaotkusro abljlepyca tr ticsutlraortnlogcy lh ya nignet se r-
A.S .K ING INTRODUCTION
xviii xix
minoloOgny l. hoel hehra ndn,e wt erms may welllh efis ftahat nidss fyi xlh workosn v ertebrmaotrep hologye x(afmoprls ee,eG oodric1h9,5 8M;a r
principiInbe esi,n mgo res impalned i nformative. shal1l9,6 2R;o mer1,9 62)S.o rnefi gurehsa vbee enr edraowrnr elabeled,
Ing enerlahlse,e conedd itioofln h eN AA contintuose usp polrhtae ttitude andm anyn ewi llustrhaatvibeoe nesan d ded.
ofl hel ANC,r eaffirmilnhgev iewex presisnel dh ef iresdti tilohnaL ta tin IndexI.n l hefi rsetd itilohnei ndeixn eludmeadn yE nglivsehr sioonf s
shoulbed " lhsee rvaanntdn otl hem asteorfa natomi(sNtAsA", 1 979:xi).
termbsu,t w ilhout sdooc ionngs itsItyeT.nh erefoirtwe a,ss ometimes diffi
Despitthei hso,w eveirnl, h es econedd itioofln h eN AA lheN AV termasr e
culfto nro nanatomuinsfatmsi,l wiairlL ha titno,fi ndl hnea meo fa p articular
givepnr ioriintl yh,ei nteroefsh tasr monizaNteivoenr.t hesloernseso ,fl he
structTuhrene e.w i ndecxo ntalihnLesa titne rmlsh,Ee n gliesqhu ivaloefn ts
NA andNH termares giveanso fficiaallt em�tiInv tehsi.ws a yl hes econd
termnso tr eadirleyc ognizfarbollmeh s ei rnilariotfly h Lea titnol hEen glish,
editioofln h eNA A formas b ridbgeet welehneN A andN H onl hoen eh and
andl heN AV onl heo lheTrh.e w indo fc hangiesd etectianba lnea tomical andm anyo fl hec ornrnonlyu sesdy nonyomfst her ecornrnendetde rms.
termingoyl,bo utl het renidss lo.wF urtheevro lutmiuosntb el efit of uture
editioofnl sh ev arioNuosm ina.
IFNORMATIOONN USING
NOMINA
An'¡otatiAosi nnsl .h ef iresdti tiaonnn,o tatairoein nsd icaitnle hdel isotfs
termbsy a superscnruimpbtea rn df olllohwel isitn&e acchh aptBeerc.a use ANATOMIACVAI UM
ofl hei ncreaismepdo rtaonfcl eh ea nnotatilohnesio,rb jectiwveersel hor
oughlrye considaenrdde edfi neads f ollo(w1s)t:o l issty nonymcsi,t ilnhge Taxonomniocm enclaMtousrtoe f.l hea natomisctarlu ctluhraeatsr el isted
firsatn do lhemra josro urce(s2;)t oa nalyhsoem ologi(e3st);oj ustilfyh e arec ornrnon tob irdgse ner,ab lultiy mportsatnrtu ctourrv easr iatoifof nesa
choiocfea t erm(;4 t)o p roviadnea natomidceafiln itoiroi nl lustroafat niyo n turepse cultioai rn divisdpueacli oerls a rgtearx aar ei neludiefld h en eces
terlmh amti ghnto tbe readiulnyd erst(o5ot)do ;s urnrnariz(ewi lhoibnv ious sarayn atomifcaaclat rse k now.n. Thsec ientific tnaoxmoennoemliacit su re
limitatoifso pnasc leh)ee ssentoifal lhses itoer,ag nizatainodnf ,u nctoifo n
that Moorfon y,B ocka,n dF arrand (1975);n amceoismn mE onng lihsahv e
complesxt ructu(r6e)ts oc; i tmea jodre scripatnidrv eev ieawr tiepluebs
beesne lecftreodmw ideulsye fdi egludi daensd f aunraelf erenlcheecs o;m
lished sifinrcseet d lihteia onnd;( 7)t or ectiofym issiaonndse rroorfsl he
mon namesh aveb eens tandardlihzreodu ghlohuevt o lumIen.c ertaiinn
firsetd ition.
stancbeosl lhh ec ornrnon namea ndl hes cientniafmieoc f a birids g iven.
Sorner eviewoeflr hsef iresdti tifoonu nldh Lea tidni ifcfulFto.re xamplae ,
Whenp ubliswhoerdk asr ec iteodf,t eonn llyh eg enerniacm ei sg ivelnh;e
nonanatommiigshtnt o tk nowl halth ek idneiysR ena ndl hel ivHeerp ar.
Where lhe Efnogrlomif as the rims n ote asirleyc ognizfarbolmle h eL atin fulbli nominaalm eo fl hesp eci(eiksfn ownm)a yb eo btainferdo lmh ec ited
(e.gPa.l,p ebrvae ntrallhieas n)n otatuisounasln loyw g ivleh eE nglifsohr m referenScceise.n tniafmiecos f o rdearnsd f amilaireeos fi enc onveritnetdo
(loweeyre liatdl )e aosntc eI.ti sg eneraalclcye pttehdab ti ologmiasytt sr ans lheiinrf oremqauli val(een.tggs.r ,u ifdosGr r uidaoerp, a sseriffoorPrma ss
latleh eo fficiLaalt itne rmosfl hev arioNuosm inai ntloh eoiwrn v emacular. seriformTehsec) o.rnrn on nameso fl heo rdinary laabnodrda otmoersyt ic
Howeveirti, s r ecornrnendlehda lth eLa tivne rsibeo uns ewdh enl het erims formasl waysr efteorl hes pecioefgs e nerian dicabteeldo wI.ti sr ecognized
firisntt roduicnetado p ublicaEtcioonno.m oyf s pacper eeluldheess y stem lhalth ed erivaotfil ohne sbei rdhsa sn oti,n fa cta,lw aysb eecno nelusively
aticco nversiolna nignutaoig nea sd dittiooE nn glish.
establibsuhtfe odcr,o nvenilehnrece el ationasrhaeis pssu mteodb ea ss tated:
BibliogrAsa pihnly h.efi rsetd itilohnre,e feresnhcoewts h aeu lhoriftoire s
Duck: formosfA nasp latyrhynchos
lhsee lectoifao t ne ramn df olrh aen atomidcaatilan l haen notatNieonwsl.y
Goose: formosfA nsearn ser
adderde ferernecmeesd oym issifornoslm h e feidristtit ohne;y ailnseol ude
Pigeon: formosf C olumba livia
citatoifom nasj orre viaerwt iealsew se,la ls p apeprrse sentnienwf gi ndings,
Turkey: formosfM eleaggrailsl opavo
publisahfetdle hret lresdti tion.
IllusrratTihoemn asi.no bjectoifvl eh ei llustrraetmiaoinunsns c hanged, Chicken: formosf G allguasl lus
i.et.o,e laricfyom plesxt ructaunrdei sd entlihfye piarr tHso.w evelre,ss e r Quail: formosf C oturnix
structluhraeatsr en otl hep rime puropfao tlsgeu raer es orntei meisn eluded Canary: formosf S erincuasn arius
ino rdetro s ubstiftourat tee xtudaeltl nitoirot noe lucidaan tanen otation. GuineFao wl:f ormosfN umidmae leagris
Measuremeanrtens o tg iveans,i ss tandparrodc ediunre el assircefaelr ence Budgerigarf:o rmosfM elopsitutnadcuulsa tus
