Handbook of Anxiety and Fear

535 Pages·2008·6.26 MB·English

by  Robert J. Blanchard

HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
VOLUME 17
HANDBOOK OF ANXIETY AND FEAR
Other volumes in HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
(formerly Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences)
Volume1: FeedingandDrinking,byF.ToatesandN.E.Rowland(Eds.),1987,ISBN0-444-80895-7
Volume2: Distribution-freeStatistics:Application-orientedApproach,byJ.Krauth,1988,ISBN0-444-80934-1,PaperbackISBN
0-444-80988-0
Volume3: MolecularNeuroanatomy,byF.W.VanLeeuwen,R.M.Bujis,C.W.PoolandO.Pach(Eds.),1989,ISBN0-444-81014-5,
PaperbackISBN0-444-81016-1
Volume4: ManualofMicrosurgeryontheLaboratoryRat,Part1,byJ.J.vanDongen,R.Remie,J.W.RensemaandG.H.J.van
Wunnik(Eds.),1990,ISBN0-444-81138-9,PaperbackISBN0-444-81139-7
Volume5: DigitalBiosignalProcessing,byR.Weitkunat(Ed.),1991,ISBN0-444-81140-0,PaperbackISBN0-444-98144-7
Volume6: ExperimentalAnalysisofBehavior,byI.H.IversenandK.A.Lattal(Eds.),1991,Part1,ISBN0-444-81251-2,Paperback
ISBN0-444-89160-9,Part2,ISBN0-444-89194-3,PaperbackISBN0-444-89195-1
Volume7: MicrodialysisintheNeuroscience,byT.E.RobinsonandJ.B.Justice,Jr.(Eds.),1991,ISBN0-444-81194-X,Paperback
ISBN0-444-89375-X
Volume8: TechniquesfortheGeneticsAnalysisofBrainandBehavior,byD.Goldowitz,D.WahlstenandR.E.Wimer(Eds.),1992,
ISBN0-444-81249-0,PaperbackISBN0-444-89682-1
Volume9: Research Design and Method in Psychiatry, by M. Fava and J.F. Rosenbaum (Eds.), 1992, ISBN 0-444-89595-7,
PaperbackISBN0-444-89594-9
Volume10: MethodsinBehavioralPharmacology,byF.vanHaaren(Ed.),1993,ISBN0-444-81444-2,PaperbackISBN0-444-81445-0
Volume11: Methods in Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Research, by S.H. Parvez (Ed.), 1993, Part 1, ISBN 0-444-81369-1,
PaperbackISBN0-444-81674-7,Part2,ISBN0-444-81368-3,PaperbackISBN0-444-81675-5
Volume12: Neglected Factors in Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research, by V. Claassen (Ed.), 1994, ISBN 0-444-81871-5,
PaperbackISBN0-444-81907-X
Volume13: HandbookofMolecular-GeneticTechniquesforBrainandBehaviorResearch,byW.E.CrusioandR.T.Gerlai(Eds.),
1999,ISBN0-444-50239-4
Volume14: ExperimentalDesign.AHandbookandDictionaryforMedicalandBehavioralResearch,byJ.Krauth(Ed.),2000,ISBN
0-444-50637-3,PaperbackISBN0-444-50638-1
Volume15: Handbook of Stress and the Brain, by T. Steckler, N.H. Kalin and J.M.H.M. Reul (Eds.), 2005, Part 1, ISBN
0-444-51173-3,Part2,ISBN0-444-51823-1
Volume16: HandbookofMicrodialysis.Methods,ApplicationsandPerspectives,byB.H.C.WesterinkandT.I.F.H.Cremers(Eds.),
2007,ISBN978-0-444-52276-4
HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
Series Editor
J.P. HUSTON
Du¨sseldorf
VOLUME 17
HANDBOOK OF ANXIETY AND FEAR
Edited by
ROBERT J. BLANCHARD
DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,Honolulu,HI,USA
D. CAROLINE BLANCHARD
PacificBiosciencesResearchInstitute,andDepartmentofGeneticsandMolecularBiology,JohnA.Burns
SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,Honolulu,HI,USA
GUY GRIEBEL
Sanofi-Aventis,PsychopharmacologyDepartment,Bagneux,France
DAVID NUTT
PsychopharmacologyUnit,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UK
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List of Contributors
JamesL.Abelson(455),DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofMichigan,RachelUpjohnBuilding,4250
Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, USA
David S. Baldwin (395), Clinical Neuroscience Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton,
UniversityDepartmentofMentalHealth,RSHHospital,BrintonsTerrace,SouthamptonSO14OYG,UK
Catherine Belzung (325), EA3248 Psychobiologie des Emotions, Universite´ Franc-ois Rabelais, UFR
Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
D. Caroline Blanchard (3, 63, 81, 141), Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns
SchoolofMedicine;andPacificBiosciencesResearchCenter,UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,1993East
West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Robert J. Blanchard (3, 63, 81), Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Gartley Hall
2430 Campus Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
MarcoBortolato(303),DepartmentofCardiovascularandNeurologicalSciences,PoliclinicoUniversitario,
University of Cagliari, S.S. 554km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
Christopher K. Cain (103), Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room
809, New York, NY 10003, USA
Newton S. Canteras (125, 141), Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biome´dicas,
Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2415 CEP 05508-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil
Antonio Pa´dua Carobrez (241), Department of Pharmaoclogy, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Campus Universita´rio-Trindade, Floriano´polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
John F. Cryan (269), School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alimentary
Pharmabiotic Centre, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
SimonJ.C.Davies(365),AcademicUnitofPsychiatry,UniversityofBristol,CothamHouse,CothamHill,
Bristol BS6 6JL, UK
Michael Davis (49), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Behavioral
Neuroscience, Emory University, 4th Floor, WMB, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Kumlesh K. Dev (269), Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork,
Ireland
Gabriel Esquivel (413), Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry and
Neuropsychology,FacultyofHealth,MedicineandLifeSciences,MaastrichtUniversity,Vijverdalseweg
1, k.2.039, Gebouw Concorde, 6226 NB Maastricht, The Netherlands
Michael S. Fanselow (29), Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 1285
Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Berta Garcia de Miguel (365), Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin
Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Matthew Garner (395), Clinical Neuroscience Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Southampton SO14 OYG, UK
FredericoGuilhermeGraeff(241),DepartmentofNeurology,PsychiatryandMedicalPsychology,Hospital
das Clı´nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeira˜o Preto, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida
Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeira˜o Preto, SP 14090-900, Brazil
v
vi
Guy Griebel (3, 325), Sanofi-Aventis, Psychopharmacology Department, 31 Avenue Paul Vaillant-
Couturier, 92220 Bagneux, France
Eric Griez (413), Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry and Neuro-
psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg
1, k.2.039, Gebouw Concorde, 6226 NB Maastricht, The Netherlands
Francisco Silveira Guimara˜es (241), Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeira˜o
Preta, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeira˜o Preto, SP 14090-900, Brazil
John M. Hettema (475), Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of
Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Room 1-116, Richmond, VA
23219, USA
Andrew Holmes (355), Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative
Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 2N09,
Rockville, MD 20852-9411, USA
JosephE.LeDoux(103),CenterforNeuralScience,NewYorkUniversity,4WashingtonPlace,Room809,
New York, NY 10003, USA
Samuel Leman (325), EA3248 Psychobiologie des Emotions, Universite´ Franc-ois Rabelais, UFR Sciences
et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
Israel Liberzon (455), Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250
Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, USA
YoavLitvin(81),DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,2430CampusRoad,Gartley
Hall 110, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Andrea L. Malizia (437), Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology Unit, University of
Bristol, Cotham House, Cotham Hill, Bristol BS6 6JL, UK
Eduard Maron (475), Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; and Research
Department of Mental Health, The North Estonian Regional Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Tallinn,
Estonia
Karyn M. Myers (49), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Behavioral
Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
Neil McNaughton (11), Department of Psychology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin,
New Zealand
David Nutt (3, 365, 437), Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building,
Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Nathan S. Pentkowski (81), Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2430 Campus
Road, Gartley Hall 110, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Daniele Piomelli (303), Department of Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, 3101 Gillespie
Neuroscience Facility, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
Roger L. Pobbe (81), Pacific Biosciences Research Center, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822,
USA
Ravikumar Ponnusamy (29), Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, University of California, 1285
Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
James K.Rowlett(223),HarvardMedical School,New England Primate ResearchCenter,Box 9102, One
Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA
Koen Schruers(413),Experimental and Clinical PsychiatrySection, Department of Psychiatry and Neuro-
psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1,
k.2.039, Gebouw Concorde, 6226 NB Maastricht, The Netherlands
Jakov Shlik (475), Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group,
1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. K1Z7K4, Canada
vii
Thomas Steckler (157), Department of Psychiatry, Research and Early Development Europe, Johnson &
Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
ElizabethA. Young(455),Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Institute,205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109-5720, USA
He´lio Zangrossi Jr. (11), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeira˜o Preto, University
of Sa˜o Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeira˜o Preto-SP, Brazil
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Preface
Fearandanxietyconstitutecrucialemotionalbehaviors,manifesttosomedegreeinvirtuallyallchordates
andmagnificentlyrepresentedinhumanbehaviorandhistory.Becauseoftheirimportance,theyhavebeen
intensively investigated from a number of scientific perspectives. The commonalities and consistencies of
theircrossspeciesrepresentation,whilebynomeanstotal,alsosuggestafoundationfortheiranalysisthat
is not available for more evanescent, subtle, or idiosyncratic emotions. This volume provides examples of
the variety and intensity of scientific attention to fear and anxiety. We hope that it also indicates good
progresstowardunderstandingthemechanismsandfunctionsoftheseemotionsandthebehaviorpatterns
with which they are associated.
R.J. Blanchard
D.C. Blanchard
G. Griebel
D. Nutt
(The Editors)
ix