Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology

219 Pages·2014·50.28 MB·English

Handbook of Antennas
and Propagation Technology
Volume III
Edmond Thor
Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology
Volume III
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
Handbook of Antennas and
Propagation Technology
Volume III
Edited by Edmond Thor
Published by University Publications,
5 Penn Plaza,
19th Floor,
New York, NY 10001, USA
Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology: Volume III
Edited by Edmond Thor
© 2018 University Publications
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-9789-1090-4
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Copyright for all individual chapters
remain with the respective authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Permission and sources are indicat-
ed; for detailed attributions, please refer to the permissions page. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data
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Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 New Polarization Basis for Polarimetric Phased Array Weather Radar:
Theory and Polarimetric Variables Measurement 1
Jian Dong, Qingfu Liu and Xuesong Wang
Chapter 2 Dual-Dipole UHF RFID Tag Antenna with Quasi-Isotropic Patterns
Based on Four-Axis Reflection Symmetry 16
Chunfang Qin, Lingfei Mo, Hongliang Zhou and Hongjian Zhang
Chapter 3 How FPGAs Can Help Create Self-Recoverable Antenna Arrays 25
Miroslav Joler
Chapter 4 A Compact Multiband Notch UWB Antenna 35
K. Kumar and N. Gunasekaran
Chapter 5 Conformal Array Pattern Synthesis Using a
Hybrid WARP/2LB-MOPSO Algorithm 40
Roghieh Karimzadeh Baee, Keyvan Forooraghi
and Somayyeh Chamaani
Chapter 6 Study of Antenna Superstrates Using Metamaterials for Directivity
Enhancement Based on Fabry-Perot Resonant Cavity 47
Haixia Liu, Shuo Lei, Xiaowei Shi and Long Li
Chapter 7 A Novel Low RCS Design Method for X-Band Vivaldi Antenna 57
Xiao Xiang He, Teng Chen and Xin Wang
Chapter 8 Performance of Ultrawideband Wireless Tags for On-Body Radio
Channel Characterisation 63
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, Qammer H. Abbasi,
Akram Alomainy and Yang Hao
Chapter 9 Digital Architectures for UWB Beamforming Using 2D IIR
Spatio-Temporal Frequency-Planar Filters 73
Soumya Kondapalli, Arjuna Madanayake and Len Bruton
Chapter 10 Spatial Characterization of GNSS Multipath Channels 92
Hatef Keshvadi, Ali Broumandan and Gérard Lachapelle
Chapter 11 Investigation of Flexible Textile Antennas and AMC Reflectors 107
M. Mantash, A.-C. Tarot, S. Collardey and K. Mahdjoubi
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VI Contents
Chapter 12 Analysis for Resolution of Bistatic SAR Configuration with
Geosynchronous Transmitter and UAV Receiver 117
Yicheng Jiang and Zhuoqun Wang
Chapter 13 3GPP Channel Model Emulation with Analysis of MIMO-LTE
Performances in Reverberation Chamber 127
Nabil Arsalane, Moctar Mouhamadou, Cyril Decroze, David Carsenat,
Miguel Angel Garcia-Fernandez and Thierry Monedière
Chapter 14 Effect of Earth Ground and Environment on Body-Centric
Communications in the MHz Band 135
Katsuyuki Fujii and Yasuyuki Okumura
Chapter 15 Ultrawideband Impulse Radar Through-the-Wall Imaging
with Compressive Sensing 145
Wenji Zhang, Moeness G. Amin, Fauzia Ahmad, Ahmad Hoorfar
and Graeme E. Smith
Chapter 16 Glass Superstrate Nanoantennas for Infrared Energy Harvesting
Applications 156
Isa Kocakarin and Korkut Yegin
Chapter 17 Effect of Polarization on the Correlation and Capacity of Indoor
MIMO Channels 163
Hsun-Chang Lo, Ding-Bing Lin, Teng-Chieh Yang and Hsueh-Jyh Li
Chapter 18 An Effective Method for Borehole Imaging of Buried Tunnels 174
Loreto Di Donato, Rosa Scapaticci, Tommaso Isernia, Ilaria Catapano
and Lorenzo Crocco
Chapter 19 A Reconfigurable Coplanar Waveguide Bowtie Antenna Using
an Integrated Ferroelectric Thin-Film Varactor 183
K. C. Pan, D. Brown, G. Subramanyam, R. Penno, H. Jiang,
C. H. Zhang, M. Patterson, D. Kuhl, K. Leedy and C. Cerny
Chapter 20 A Genetic and Simulated Annealing Combined Algorithm for
Optimization of Wideband Antenna Matching Networks 189
Aixin Chen, Tiehua Jiang, Zhizhang Chen and Yanjun Zhang
Chapter 21 Textile UWB Antenna Bending and Wet Performances 195
Mai A. R. Osman, M. K. A. Rahim, N. A. Samsuri, M. K. Elbasheer
and M. E. Ali
Permissions
List of Contributors
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Preface
Antennas are electrical devices which convert electric power into radio waves and vice versa. Antennas are usually
requisite while using any type of radio receiver or transmitter to link itself to the electromagnetic field. They are
usually coupled with radio transmitters or receivers. Antennas can be distinguished by a number of execution
measures which a user would be involved with in opting for or designing antennas for a particular application
in the real world. One can say that antennas are crucial components of all equipments that use radio. They are
utilized in applications like two-way radio, radio broadcasting, communications receivers, broadcast television,
radar, satellite communications and cell phones as well as other day to day devices such as wireless microphones,
bluetooth-enabled devices, RFID tags on merchandise, wireless computer networks and even baby monitors. Radio
propagation is the behavior of radio waves when they are broadcast or propagated from one point to another over
land or into various parts of the atmosphere and one can say that antennas play a major role in such propagation.
As a type of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves are influenced by the phenomena of refraction, reflection,
absorption, diffraction, scattering and polarization. Grasping the effects of differing conditions on propagation
has many practical applications, such as choosing frequencies for international shortwave broadcasters, radio
navigation, designing reliable mobile telephone systems and operation of radar systems. Though there are also
various services like emergency locator transmitters, in-flight communication with ocean-crossing aircraft, and
television broadcasting that have been moved to communications satellites. Skilled knowledge of antennae and
propagation is required in this age of constant connectivity and thus the demand for new innovations is also on
the rise.
This book is an attempt to compile and collate all available research on antennas and propagation under one
umbrella. I am grateful to those who put their hard work, effort and expertise into these researches as well as
those who were supportive in this endeavour. I wish to thank the publishing team for providing excellent technical
assistance, as and when required.
Editor
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1

New Polarization Basis for Polarimetric Phased Array Weather
Radar: Theory and Polarimetric Variables Measurement
JianDong,QingfuLiu,andXuesongWang
SchoolofElectronicScienceandEngineering,NationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology,De-YaRoad46,Kai-FuDistrict,
HunanProvince,Changsha410073,China
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoJianDong,[email protected]
AcademicEditor:FranciscoFalcone
Anovelschemeisdevelopedformitigatingmeasurementbiasesinagile-beampolarimetricphasedarrayweatherradar.Basedon
theorthogonalHuygenssourcedual-polarizedelementmodel,apolarizationmeasurementbasisforplanarpolarimetricphased
array radar (PPAR) is proposed. The proposed polarization basis is orthogonal to itself after a 90◦ rotation along the array’s
broadsideandcanwellmeasurethecharacteristicsofdual-polarizedelement.Withpolarimetricmeasurementsbeingundertaken
inthispolarizationbasis,themeasurementbiasescausedbytheunsymmetricalprojectionsofdual-polarizedelement’sfieldsonto
thelocalhorizontalandverticaldirectionsofradiatedbeamcanbemitigated.Polarimetricvariablesforprecipitationestimation
andclassificationarederivedfromthescatteringcovariancematrixinhorizontalandverticalpolarizationbasis.Inaddition,the
estimatesoftheseparametersbasedonthetimeseriesdataacquiredwiththenewpolarizationbasisarealsoinvestigated.Finally,
autocorrelationmethodsforboththealternatetransmissionandsimultaneousreceptionmodeandthesimultaneoustransmission
andsimultaneousreceptionmodearedeveloped.
1.Introduction Basically,therearetwopopularmeasurementmodesfor
implementingthelinearpolarizationbasis.Oneisthesimul-
Thetheoryandapplicationofpolarimetricradarforweather taneous transmission and simultaneous reception (STSR)
sensinghavebeendevelopedfordecades[1,2].Theoretically, mode, while the other is the alternative transmission and
any orthogonal polarization basis (e.g., horizontal and simultaneousreception(ATSR)mode.Unlesssomeorthog-
vertical linear, right hand and left hand circular, and +45◦ onal signal coding methods are used [7, 8], only copolar
and−45◦slantlinear)canbeusedforfullypolarimetricmea- elementsinscatteringcovariancematrixcanbemeasuredin
surement.However,dependingontheshape,size,andmean theSTSRmode.Butthereareindeedsomebenefitssuchas
canting angle of hydrometeors, the linear H/V (horizontal reduced statistical fluctuations, and no need to account for
and vertical) polarization basis is the most common choice Doppler shifts and simplification of hardware, which made
for current polarimetric weather radars with mechanically theSTSRmodetobeacommonchoiceofrecentpolarimetric
steered antenna, since it offers simpler, more direct, and weatherradar[3].
accuratequantitativemeasurementsofprecipitations[3,4]. Polarimetric variables account for the differences of the
Polarimetric variables (e.g., the differential reflectivity ZDR, H andV polarizedfieldswhicharereflectedbyorpropagate
thetotaldifferentialphaseφDP,thecopolarcross-correlation throughthehydrometeors.Sincetheshapeofmosthydrome-
coefficient ρhv, and the linear depolarization ratio LDR) teorsisnearlyspherical,thedifferencesareusuallyverysmall.
for precipitation estimation and classification have also Accuratemeasurement of polarimetric variables is required
been derived from the scattering covariance matrix in H/V to provide reliable information. There are many factors of
polarizationbasis[1–3].Theradardataacquiredwithother biasesinpolarimetricmeasurement.Oneofthemostcritical
orthogonalpolarizationstatesneedtobetransformedtothe factorscomesfromthenonidealpolarizationcharacteristics
H/V polarizationbasisfortheestimatesoftheseparameters ofanantenna,suchasthemismatchingofcopularradiation
[5,6]. and the limited isolation of cross-polar radiation. These
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