Handbook of Animal Models of Infection: Experimental Models in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

1169 Pages·1999·92.23 MB·English

by  Merle A. Sande

HANDBOOK OF ANIMAL MODELS OF INFECTION
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HANDBOOK OF ANIMAL MODELS
OF INFECTION
Experimental Models in Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy
Edited by
Oto Zak
Formerly Head of Infectious Diseases
Research Department
Pharmaceuticals Division
CIBA-GEIGY Limited
Basel, Switzerland
Merle A. Sande
Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine
School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah
USA
Academic Press
San Diego London Boston
New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto
This book is printed on acid-flee paper.
Copyright (cid:14)9 1999 by ACADEMIC PRESS,
except Chapter 26, which is a US government work in
the public domain and is not subject to copyright
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
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ISBN 0-12-775390-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-89455
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Typeset by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent, UK
Printed in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath, Avon, UK
99 00 01 02 03 B P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Section Editors ix 12. Modes of Action of Antibiotics and Bacterial
Structure: Bacterial Mass Versus their
List of Contributors xi
Numbers 105
Preface xix
V. Lorian
Introduction: The Role of Animal Models xxi 13. Activity of Antibiotics Against Adherent/Slow-
in the Evaluation of New Antibodies growing Bacteria Reflecting the Situation
O. Zak, M. A. Sande, 7-. O'Reilly in vivo 117
L Foley, M. R. W. Brown
INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND TO
ANIMAL MODELS OF INFECTION 1
O. Zak BACTERIAL INFECTION MODELS 125
1. Early History of Animal Models of Infection 3 C. Carbon, B. Fantin, 7-. O'Reilly
A. Contrepois, A.-M. Moulin 14. The Mouse Peritonitis/Sepsis Model 127
2. General Methodologies for Animal Models 9 N. Frimodt-Moller, ]. D. Knudsen,
M. S. Rouse, W. R. Wilson E Espersen
3. Ethics Committees in Europe~An Overview 13 15. Murine Thigh Infection Model 137
P. de Greeve, W. de Leeuw S. Gudmundsson, H. Erlensd6ttir
4. Animal Care and Use Committees--An 16. Mouse Subcutaneous Cotton Thread
American Perspective 19 Model 145
T. Allen, R. Crawford ]. Renneberg
5. Ethical Aspects of the Use of Animal Models 17. Infection after Ionizing Radiation 151
of Infection 29 L Brook,, T. B. Elliott, G. D. Ledney
D. B. Morton 18. Intra-abdominal Abscess 163
6. The Impact of General Laboratory Animal I. Brook
Health on Experimental Models in 19. Mouse Peritonitis Model Using Cecal
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49 Ligation and Puncture 173
A. K. Hansen M. Skroti, ]. C. Peyton, H/[. G. Ckeadle
7. Non-invasive Monitoring of Infection and Gene 20. Murine Models of Peritonitis Involving a
Expression in Living Animal Models 61 Foreign Body 183
R R. Contag, A. B. Olomu, C. H. Contag E Espersen, N. Frimodt-Moller
8. Considerations for Working Safely with 21. Rat Polymicrobial Peritonitis Infection
Infectious Disease Agents in Research Agents 69 Model 189
]. Y. Richmond, E Quimby H. Dupont, P. Montravers
9. Analysis of Genetic Susceptibility to Infection 22. Murine Thigh Suture Model 195
in Mice 75 ]. D. Pietsck, H. C. Polk, ]r
E. Busckman, E. Skamene 23. Animal Models of Melioidosis 199
10. Formulation of Compounds and Determination D. De Shazer, D. E. Woods
of Pharmacokinetic Parameters 83 24. Low Inoculum Model of Clean Wound
R. M. Cozens Infection 205
11. Methods for Obtaining Human-like A. B. Kaiser, D. S. Kernodle
Pharmacokinetic Patterns in Experimental 25. Translocation of Gut Bacteria During
Animals 93 Trauma 213
L. Mizen L. Magnotti, D.-Z. Xu, E. A. Deitch
vi CONTENTS
26. Mouse Models of Campylobacterjejuni 48. Rat Model of Bacterial Epididymitis 419
Infection 223 H. G. Schiefer, C. ]antos
S. Baqar, E. E Burg III, J. R. Murphy 49. Mouse Model of Mycoplasma Genital
27. Suckling Mouse Model of Enterotoxigenic Infections 427
Escherickia coli Infection 241 D. Taylor-Robinson, P. M. Furr
M. Duchet-Suchaux 50. Mouse Model of Ascending Urinary Tract
28. Rabbit Model of Shigellosis 255 Infection 435
M. E. Etheridge W. J. Hopkins
29. RITARD Rabbit Model for Studying 51. Mouse Model of Ascending UTI Involving
Vibrio cholerae and Other Enteric Short and Long-term Indwelling
Infections 261 Catheters 441
P. Panigrahi, J. G. Morris Jr D. E. Johnson, C. V. Lockatell
30. Mouse Model of Helicobacter priori 52. Rat Bladder Infection Model 447
Infection 265 T. Matsumoto
P. Ghiara, G. del Giudice, R. Rappuoli 53. Rabbit Model of Catheter-associated
31. Animal Models of Helicobacter (ferrets) 273 Urinary Tract Infection 453
R. P. Marini, J. G. Fox D. W. Morc k, M. E. Olson, R. R. Read,
32. Hamster Model of Syphilis 285 A. G. Buret, H. Ceri
J. D. Alder 54. Subclinical Pyelonephritis in the Rat 463
33. Guinea-pig Model of Acquired and G. Findon
Congenital Syphilis 291 55. Models of Acute and Chronic
V. Wicker, K. Wicker Pyelonephritis in the Rat 469
34. The Guinea-pig Model of Legionnaires' G. Findon
Disease 303 56. Rat Model of Chronic Cystitis 475
P. H. Edelstein D. ]. Ormrod, T. E. Miller
35. Murine Models of Tuberculosis 315 57. Mouse Pneumococcal Pneumonia Models 481
L M. Orme E. Azoulay-Dupuis, P. Moine
36. Beige Mouse Model of Disseminated 58. Animal Models of Gram-negative Bacillary
Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection 321 Experimental Pneumonia 495
M. H. Cynamon, M. S. DeStefano M. S. Rouse, ]. M. Steckelberg
37. The Armadillo Leprosy Model, with 59. Models of Pneumonia in Ethanol-treated
Particular Reference to Lepromatous Rats 501
Neuritis 331 M.J. Gentry, L. C. Prekeim
D. M. Scollard, R. W. Truman 60. Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Bacteria in a
38. Models of Leprosy Infection in Mice 337 Cirrhotic Rat Model 509
B. Ji, L. Levy L. C. Prekeim, G. L. Gorby, M.J. Gentry
39. Hamster Model of Lyme Arthritis 347 61. Rat Model of Chronic Pseudomonas
R. E Schell, S. M. CaUister aeruginosa Lung Infection 517
40. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Conjunctivitis 353 H. K. Jokansen, N. Hoiby
M. Motschmann, W. Behrens-Baumann 62. Hamster Model of Mycoplasma Pulmonary
41. Murine Model of Bacterial Keratitis 361 Infections 527
K. A. Kernacki, J. A. Hobden, L. D. Hazlett K. Ishida, M. Kaku, ]. Skimada
42. The Rabbit Intrastromal Injection Model of 63. Murine Models of Pneumonia Using
Bacterial Keratitis 367 Aerosol Inoculation 533
R. J. O'Callaghan, L. S. Engel, J. M. Hill J. Leggett
43. Gerbil Model of Acute Otitis Media 375 64. Experimental Models of Infectious
B. Barry, M. Muffat-Joly Arthritis 539
44. Bacterial Otitis Externa in the Guinea-pig T. Bremell
Model 385 65. Experimental Group B Streptococcus
S. A. Estrem Arthritis in Mice 549
45. Otitis Media: The Chinchilla Model 389 L. Tissi
D. M. Haje k, Z. Yuan, M. K. Quartey, 66. Rat Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of
G. S. Giebin k the Tibia 561
46. A Guinea Pig Model of Acute Otitis Media 403 T. O'Reilly, J. T. Mader
T. G. Takoudes, J. Haddad Jr 67. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in the Rat 577
47. Tissue Cage Infection Model 409 S. A. Hienz, C. E. Nord, A. Heimdakl, E P.
W. Zimmerli Reinholt, J.-L Floc k
CONTENTS vii
68. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of 88. Rat Models of Ascending Pyelonephritis
the Tibia 581 Due to Candida albicans 727
]. T. Mader, M. E. Shirtliff M. Okkawa, M. Takashima, T. Nishikawa,
69. Arthroplasty Model in Rats 593 S. Tokunaga
J. Renneberg, K. Piper, M. Rouse 89. Rat Model of Candida Vaginal Infection 735
7O. Arthroplasty Model in Rabbits 599 E de Bernardis, R. Lorenzini, A. Cassone
N. S. Soe-Nielsen, J. Renneberg 90. Murine Models of Candida Vaginal
71. Mouse Model of Streptococcal Fasciitis 605 Infections 741
S. Sriskandan, J. Cohen P. L. Fidel Jr, J. D. Sobel
72. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Endocarditis 611 91. Sporotrichosis 749
A. Lefort, B. Fantin A. Polak-Wyss
73. Infant Rat Model of Acute Meningitis 619
U. Vogel, M. Frosch
74. Adult Rat Model of Meningitis 627
G. C. Townsend, W. M. ScheM
75. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Meningitis 631 IV PARASITIC INFECTION MODELS 755
J. Tureen, E. Tuomanen R. Kaminsky
76. Escherichia coli Brain Abscess Method in 92. Malaria 757
Rat 639 W. Peters, B. L. Robinson
J. M. Nazzaro, E. A. Neuwelt 93. Animal Models of Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis 775
V. Yardley, S. L. Croft
III MYCOTIC INFECTION MODELS 647 94. Animal Models of Visceral Leishmaniasis 783
C. Carbon, B. Fantin, 7-. O'Reilly S. L. Croft, V. Yardley
77. Rodent Models of Candida Sepsis 649 95. Animal Models of Acute (first-stage)
v. /o& P. Y~i Sleeping Sickness 789
78. A Generalized Candida albicans Infection R. Brun, R. Kaminsky
Model in the Rat 657 96. Animal Models of CNS (second-stage)
A. Schmidt Sleeping Sickness 795
79. Experimental Oropharyngeal and C. Gichuki, R. Brun
Gastrointestinal Candida Infection in 97. Animal Models of Trypanosoma cruzi
Mice 663 Infection 801
A. M. Flattery, G. K. Abruzzo, C. G. Gill, M. M. do Canto Cavalheiro, L. L. Leon
J. G. Smith, K. Bartizal 98. Animal Models of Toxoplasma Infection 811
80. Paw Oedema as a Model of Localized K. Janitschke
Candidiasis 667 99. Animal Models of Coccidia Infection 821
G. Findon A. Haberkorn, G. Greif
81. Murine Model of Allergic Bronchopulmonary 100. Animal Models of Trichomonas vaginalis
Aspergillosis 673 Infection with Special Emphasis on the
P. Dussault, M. Laviolette, G. M. Tremblay Intravaginal Mouse Model 839
82. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcal S. E Hayward-McClelland, K. L. Delgaty,
Infection in Mice 681 G. E. Garber
M. F. Lipscomb, C. R. Lyons, A. A. Izzo, 101. Animal Models of Cryptosporidium
J. Lovchi k, J. A. Wilder Gastrointestinal Infection 851
83. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcus D. S. Lindsay, B. L. Blagburn, S.J. Upton
neoformans Infection in Rats 687 102. Animal Models of Entamoeba histolytica
D. L. Goldman, A. Casadevall Infection 859
84. Rat Model of Invasive Pulmonary S. L. Stanley Jr, T. Zhang, K. B. Seydel
Aspergillosis 693 103. Animal Models of Giardiasis 867
A. C. A. P.. Leenders, E. W. M. van Etten, R. C. A. Thompson
L A. ]. M. Bakker-Woudenberg 104. Schistosomosis 873
85. Rabbit Model of Candida Keratomycosis 697 G. C. Coles
M. Motsckmann, W. Behrens-Baumann 105. Animal Models for Echinococcosis 877
86. Experimental Candida Endocarditis 709 T. Romig, B. Bilger
M. R. Yeaman, ]. Lee, A. S. Bayer 106. Intestinal Worm Infections 885
87. Rabbit Model of Cryptococcal Meningitis 721 S. S. Johnson, E. M. Thomas,
I. R. Perfect T. G. Geary
viii CONTENTS
VIRAL INFECTION MODELS 897 118. The Mouse Model of Influenza Virus
E. R. Kem Infection 981
107. Animal Models for Central Nervous System R. W. Sidwell
and Disseminated Infections with Herpes 119. The Ferret as an Animal Model of Influenza
Simplex Virus 899 Virus Infection 989
E. R. Kern C. Sweet, R. J. Fenton, G. E. Price
108. Animal Models of Herpesvirus Genital 120. The Cotton Rat as a Model of Respiratory
Infection: Guinea-Pig 907 Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis
N. Bourne, L. R. Stanberry and Therapy 999
109. Animal Models of Herpes Skin Infection: G. A. Prince
Guinea-pig 911 121. Animal Models for Coxsackievirus Infections 1005
M. B. McKeough, S. L. Spruance C. J. Gauntt
110. Animal Models of Ocular Herpes Simplex 122. Animal Models for HBV Infections--
Virus Infection (Rabbits, Primates, Mice) 919 Transgenic Mice 1009
B. M. Gebhardt, E. D. Varnell, ]. M. Hill, J. D. Morrey, R. W. Sidwell, B. A. Korba
H. E. Kaufman 123. Animal Models for Hepatitis B Infections--
111. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Duck Hepatitis 1021
Infection: Murine CMV 927 T.. Shaw, C. A. Luscombe, S. A. Locarnini
E. R. Kern 124. Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus
112. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection 1033
Infection: Guinea-Pig CMV 935 B. C. Tennant
D. L Bernstein, N. Bourne 125. Animal Models of Papillomavirus Infections 1039
113. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus N. D. Christensen, J. W. Kreider
Infection: Rat CMV 943 126. Adult Mouse Model for Rotavirus 1049
E S. Stals R. L. Ward, M. M. McNeal
114. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of the 127. Animal Models for Lentivirus Infections m
SCID-hu (thy/liv) Mouse 951 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 1055
G. W. Kemble, G. M. Duke, E. S. Mocarski M. ]. Burkhard, E. A. Hoover
115. Animal Model for Ocular Human 128. Animal Models of HIV Infection: SIV
Cytomegalovirus Infections in SCID-hu Infection of Macaques 1061
Mice 957 K. K. A. Van Rompay, N. L. Aguirre
D. J. Bidanset, M. del Cerro, E. S. Lazar, 129. The SCID-hu Thy-Liv Mouse: an Animal
O. M. Faye-Petersen, E. R. Kern Model for HIV- 1 Infection 1069
116. Animal Models for Varicella Zoster C. A. Stoddart
Infections: Simian Varicella 963 130. Animal Models for HIV Infection: hu-PBL-
K. F. Soike SCID Mice 1077
117. Varicella Zoster Infection of T cells and Skin D. E. Mosier
in the SCID-hu Mouse Model 973 131. Chimpanzee Model of HIV- 1 Infection 1085
]. E Moffat, A. M. Arvin P. N. Fultz
An eight page colour plate section appears between pages 576 and 577.
Section Editors
Oto Zak Ronald Kaminsky
Rheinparkstrasse 1/14, Swiss Tropical Institute,
CH-4127 Birsfelden, Socinstrasse 57,
Switzerland Postfach,
Basel C H 4002,
Claude Carbon Switzerland
Hopital Bichat,
Present address:
Henri Huchard,
Novartis,
F75018 Paris, Cedex 18,
Centre de Recherche Sant8 Animale SA,
France
CH 1566, St-Aubin,
Switzerland
Bruno Fantin
Unite de Medicine Interne,
Earl Kern
H6pital Beaujon,
Dept of Paediatrics 8: Division of Clinical Virology,
100 bd du General-Leclerc,
University of Alabama at Birmingham,
92118 CHICHY Cedex,
309 Bevill Biomedical Research Building,
France
845 19th Street South,
Birmingham,
Terence O'Reilly
Alabama 35294-2170,
Novartis Pharma Research,
USA
K125.1.05,
Basel, C H 4002,
Switzerland