Handbook of American Indian languages. Volume 2

289 Pages·3.33 MB·Indigenous-English

by  Boas Franz.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN £0
HANDBOOK OF
AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES
BY
FRANZ BOAS
PART 2
WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCHES
By EDWARD SAPIR, LEO J. FRAOHTENBERG,
AND WALDEMAR BOGORAS
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
SMITHSONIAN INsTITuTIoN,
BUREAU OF AMERIcAN ETHNOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., February 20, 1911.
SIR: I have the honor to submit for publication, subject to your
approval, as Bulletin 40, Part 2, of this Bureau, the manuscript of a
portion of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, prepared
under the editorial supervision of Dr. Franz Boas.
Yours, respectfully,
F. W. lODGE,
Ethnologist in Charge.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutiom.
III
CONTENTS
Page
The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon, by Edward Sapir
1
Coos, by Leo 3. Frachtenberg
297
Siu8lawan (Lower TJmpqua), by Leo 3. Frachtenberg... - 431
Ohukchee, by Waldemar Bogoras..
631
V
THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTH-
WESTERN OREGON
BY
EDWARD SAPIR
3045°-Bull. 40, Pt 2-2------1
1
CONTENTS
Page
§ 1. Introduction 7
2-24. Phonology 8
§
§ 2. Introductory 8
3-11. Vowels 10
§
General remarks . 10
System of vowels 10
Stress and pitch-accent 15
6-11. Vocalic processes 22
§
Vowel hiatus 22
Dissimilation of u 24
I- umlaut 24
K-sounds preceded by u-xowels 27
Inorganic a 28
Simplification of double diphthongs 29
12-24. Consonants 31
§
System of consonants 31
Final consonants 35
14-17. Consonant combinations 36
§
General remarks 36
Initial combinations 36
Final combinations 38
Medial combinations 39
§ § 18-24. Consonant processes 41
Dropping of final consonants 41
Simplification of doubled consonants 42
Consonants before x 44
Dissimilation of n to 1 and m 45
Catch dissimilation 47
Influence of place and kind of accent on manner of articula-
tion 48
Inorganic h 51
25-115. Morphology 52
§
Introductory 52
26-32. Grammatical processes 55
§
General remarks 55
Prefixation 55
Suffixation 56
§ 29 Infixation 56
Reduplication 57
Vowel-ablaut 59
Consonant-ablaut 62
33-83. I. The verb 63
§
Introductory 63
34-38. 1. Verbal prefixes 64
§
General remarks
Incorporated nouns 66
Body-part prefixes 72
Local prefixes 86
Instrumental wa- 91
3
4 CONTENTS
25-115. Morphology-Continued.
§ 33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page
39,40. 2. Formation of verb-stems 92
§
General remarks 92
Types of stem-formation 95
§ 41-58. 3. Verbal suffixes of derivation 117
General remarks 117
§ 42.Petrified suffixes 118
§ 43. Frequentatives and usitatives 127
44-51. Transitive suffixes 135
§
General remarks 135
Causative -(a) n- 135
Comitative -(a) gw- 137
Indirective -of- (-s-) 141
Indirective (a') id- 143
Indirective -(a') md- 144
Indirective -(a)n (an)- "for" 145
Indirect reflexive -gwa- 148
52-57. Intransitive suffixes 149
§
General remarks 149
Active intransitive -xa- 150
Reflexive -gwi- 152
Reciprocal }an 152
Non-agentive -x- 153
Positional-I £ 155
Impersonal -iau- 156
59-67. 4. Temporal-modal and pronominal elements 157
§
Introductory 157
Intransitives, class I 160
Intransitives, class II 164
62-66. Transitives, class III 167
§
General remarks 167
Transitive subject pronouns 170
Connecting -x- and -i- 172
Forms without connecting vowel 177
Passives 180
Verbs of mixed class, class IV 181
68-72. 5. Auxiliary and subordinating forms 184
§
Periphrastic futures 184
Periphrastic phrases in na(g)- "do, act" 186
Subordinating forms 189
Conditionals 196
Uses of potential and inferential 199
73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives 201
§
Introductory 201
Infinitives 201
75-78. Participles 204
§
General remarks 204
Active participle in -t' 204
Passive participle in (a)k'w, -i'k" 205
Passive participle in -xap' (-sap') 207
79-82. Nouns of agency 208
§
Introductory 208
Nouns of agency in (a')es 208
CONTE1cP$ 5
25-115. Morphology-Continued.
§ 33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page
73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives-Continued.
§
79-82. Nouns of agency-Continued.
§
Nouns of agency in sii, sãa 209
Nouns of agency in -xi 210
Forms in -i'ya 210
84-102. II. The noun 210
§
Introductory 210
85, 86. 1. Nominal stems 214
§
General remarks 214
Types of stem formation 215
87, 88. 2. Noun derivation 221
§
Derivative suffixes 221
Compounds 225
3. Noun-characteristics and pre-pronominal -x- 227
90-93. 4. Possessive suffixes 231
§
General remarks 231
Terms of relationship 232
Schemes II and III 235
Possessives with pre-positives. 237
94-96. 5. Local phrases 241
§
General remarks 241
Pre-positives 242
Postpositions 243
97-102. 6. Post-nominal elements 246
§
General remarks 246
Exclusive -ta 246
Plural -t'an (-han, -h!an) 247
Dual -dii 249
-wj' every 249
Deictic _ea\ 250
103-105. III. The pronoun 251
§
Independent personal pronouns 251
Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs 252
Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 254
106-109. IV. The adjective 255
§
General remarks. 255
Adjectival prefixes 256
Adjectival derivative suffixes 258
Plural formations 262
110,111. V. Numerals 264
§
Cardinals 264
Numeral adverbs 266
112-114. VI. Adverbs and particles 267
§
Adverbial suffixes 267
Simple adverbs 270
Particles 272
VII. Interjections 278
Conclusion 281
Appendix A: 1. Comparative table of pronominal forms 284
2. Scheme of seven voices in six tense-modes 285
3. Forms of na(g)-"say, do" 286
-
Appendix B: Specimen texts with analysis 291
THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN
OREGON
B EDWARD SAPIR
§ 1. INTRODUCTION
The language treated in the following pages was spoken in the
southwestern part of what is now the state of Oregon, along the
middle portion of Rogue river and certain of its tributaries. It,
together with an upland dialect of which but a few words were
obtained, forms the Takilman stock of Powell. The form "Takelma"
of the word is practically identical with the native name of the tribe,
Daagelmaem THOSE DWELLING ALONG THE RIVER (see below, § 87, 4);
there seems to be no good reason for departing from it in favor of
Powell's variant form.
The linguistic material on which this account of the Takelma
language is based consists of a series of myth and other texts, pub-
lished by the University of Pennsylvania (Sapir, Takelma Texts,
Anthropological Publications of the University Museum, vol. ii, no. 1,
Philadelphia, 1909), together with a mass of grammatical material
(forms and sentences) obtained in connection with the texts. A
series of eleven short medicine formulas or charms have been pub-
lished with interlinear and free translation in the Journal of Ameri-
can Folk-Lore (xx, 35-40). A vocabulary of Takelma verb, noun,
and adjective stems, together with a certain number of derivatives,
will be found at the end of the "Takelma Texts." Some manu-
script notes on Takelma, collected in the summer of 1904 by Mr.
H. H. St. Clair, 2d, for the Bureau of American Ethnology, have
been kindly put at my disposal by the Bureau; though these consist
mainly of lexical material, they have been found useful on one or
two points. References like 125.3 refer to page and line of my
Takelma Texts. Those in parentheses refer to forms analogous to
the ones discussed.
7
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 40
The author's material was gathered at the Siletz reservation of
Oregon during a stay of a month and a half in the summer of 1906,
also under the direction of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
My informant was Mrs. Frances Johnson, an elderly full-blood
Takelma woman. Her native place was the village of Dak'1s!asi or
DaidaniVc', on Jump-off-Joe creek (Dtp!Oits!i'ida), anorthern affluent
of Rogue river, her mother having come from a village on the upper
course of Cow creek (Hagwai). Despite her imperfect command of
the English language, she was found an exceptionally intelligent
and good-humored informant, without which qualities the following
study would have been far more imperfect than it necessarily must
be under even the very best of circumstances.
In conclusion I must thank Prof. Franz Boas for his valuable
advice in regard to several points of method and for his active
interest in the progress of the work. it is due largely to him that I
was encouraged to depart from the ordinary rut of grammatical
description and to arrange and interpret the facts in a manner that
seemed most in accordance with the spirit of the Takelma language
itself.1
PHONOLOGY ( 2-24)
§ 2. Introductory
In its general phonetic character, at least as regards relative harsh-
ness or smoothness of acoustic effect, Takelma will probably be found
to occupy a position about midway between the characteristically
rough languages of the Columbia valley and the North Californian
and Oregon coast (Chinookan, Salish, Alsea, Coos, Athapascan, Yurok)
on the one hand, and the relatively euphonious languages of the
Sacramento valley (Maidu, Yana, Wintun) on the other, inclining
rather to the latter than to the former.
From the former group it differs chiefly in the absence of voice-
less i-sounds (L, 1,2 .rd) and of velar stops (q, g, g!); from the latter,
1 What little has been learned of the ethnology of the Takelma Indians will be found Incorporated In
two articles written by the author and entitled Notes on the Tskelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, In
American Ant hropologist, n. S., IX, 251-273; and Religious ideas of the Takelma Indians of Southwestern
Oregon, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, xx, 33-49.
11n the myths, 1 Is freely prefixed to any word spoken by the bear. Its uneuphonious character is evi-
dently Intended to match the coarseness of the bear, and for this quasi-rhetorical purpose It was doubtless
derisively borrowed from the neighboring Athapascan languages, in which it occurs with great frequency.
The prefixed sibilant s- serves in' a similar way as a sort of sneezing adjunct to indicate the speech of
tbe coyote. (Jwi'di wExRx? says the ordinary mortal; lgwi'di, the bear; sgw'di, the coyote.
§2
BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES-TAKELMA 9
in the occurrence of relatively more complex consonantic clusters,
though these are of strictly limited possibilities, and hardly to be
considered as difficult in themselves.
Like the languages of the latter group, Takelma possesses clear-
cut vowels, and abounds, besides, in long vowels and diphthongs;
these, together with a system of syllabic pitch-accent, give the Takel-
ma language a decidedly musical character, marred only to some
extent by the profusion of disturbing catches. The line of cleavage
between Takelma and the neighboring dialects of the Athapascan stock
([Jpper TJmpqua, Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chasta Costa) is thus
not only morphologically but also phonetically distinct, despite re-
semblances in the manner of articulation of some of the vowels and
consonants. Chasta Costa, formerly spoken on the lower course of
Rogue river, possesses all the voiceless i-sounds above referred to; a
peculiar illusive q!, the fortis character of which is hardly as prominent
as in Chinook; a voiced guttural spirant r as in North German Tage;
the sonants or weak surds dj and z (rarely); a voiceless interdental
spif ant ç and its corresponding fortis tç!; and a very frequently oc-
curring tl vowel, as in English nup. All of these are absent from
Takelma, which, in turn, has a complete labial series (b, p, p!, m),
whereas Chasta Costa has oniy the nasal m (labial stops occur appar-
ently only in borrowed words,boçi' CAT <pussy). The fortis k!, com-
mon in Takelma, seems in the Chasta Costa to be replaced by q!; the
Takelma vowel IL, found also in California, is absent from Chasta
Costa; r is foreign to either, though found in Galice Creek and Shasta.
Perhaps the greatest point of phonetic difference, however, between
the Takelma and Chasta Costa languages lies in the peculiar long
(doubled) consonants of the latter, while Takelma regularly simpli-
fies consonant geminations that would theoretically appear in the
building of words. Not enough of the Shasta has been published to
enable one to form an estimate of the degree of phonetic similarity
that obtains between it and Takelma, hut the differences can hardly
be as pronounced as those that have just been found to exist in the
case of the latter and Chasta Costa.
This preliminary survey seemed necessary in order to show, as far
as the scanty means at present at our disposal would allow, the
phonetic affiliations of Takelma. Attention will now be directed to
the sounds themselves.
§2