Handbook of air pollution from internal combustion engines: pollutant formation and control

689 Pages·1998·33.7 MB·English

by  Eran Sher

Handbook of
Air Pollution from
Internal Combustion Engines
Pollutant Formation and Control
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Handbook of
Air Pollution from
Internal Combustion Engines
Pollutant Formation and Control
Editedby
Eran Sher
ACADEMIC PRESS
Boston SanDiego NewYork
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Copyright© 1998byAcademicPress.
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ISBN:0-12-639855-0
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Handbookofairpollutionfrominternalcombustionengines:pollutant
formationandcontrol/editedbyEranShere
p. em.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-12-639855-0Calk. paper)
1. Motorvehicles-Motors-Exhaustgas-Environmentalaspects.
2. Internalcombustionengines-Environmentalaspects. 3. Air-
Pollution. I. Sher,Eran.
TD886.5.H36 1998
629.25/28-dc21 97-48256
CIP
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
98 99 00 01 02 IP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
lowemyroots toProfessorChaimElataoftheBen-GurionUniversity,
Beer-Sheva,Israel,
whotaughtmehowtothink.
lowemystemtothelateProfessorRowlandS.BensonofUMIST
Manchester,England,
whotaughtmehowtoobserve.
lowemyfoliage toProfessorJamesC. KeckofMIT,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,USA,
whotaughtmehowto analyze.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
List of Contributors. ............................. xiii
Acknowledgments ............................... xix
PART I
OVERViEW .
1. Motor Vehicle Emissions Control: Past
Achievements, Future Prospects 3
JohnB. Heywood SunJae ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,
Director, SloanAutomotiveLaboratory, MassachusettsInstitute of
Technology, Massachusetts, UnitedStates
1.1 Synopsis...................................... 4
1.2 Introduction................................... 4
1.3 MotorVehicles andAirPollution 5
1.4 TheScienceofPollutantFormationandControl ........ 9
1.5 EffectivenessofCurrentEmissionControlTechnology ... 15
1.6 Direct-InjectionEngines,Two-Strokes, andDiesels. ..... 17
1.7 FutureProspects ................................ 20
References 23
PART II
GLOBAL ASPECTS 25
2. Environment Aspects of Air Pollution 27
EranSher DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, The Pearlstone
CenterforAeronauticalEngineeringStudies, Ben-Gurion University of
theNegev, BeerSheva, Israel
2.1 Introduction................................... 28
vii
viii Contents
2.2 GlobalEffects .................................. 28
2.3 RegionalEffects 35
References 41
3. Health Aspects of Air Pollution
42
RafaelS. Carel DivisionofCommunityMedicine, FacultyofHealth
Sciences, SorokaMedical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
3.1 Anatomy andPhysiologyoftheRespiratorySystem ..... 43
3.2 DefenseMechanisms oftheLung .. ................. 52
3.3 VentilatoryFunctionTests. ........................ 56
3.4 PrinciplesofInhalationInjuries. .................... 58
3.5 AirbornePollutantsCausingCancerandotherDiseases .. 63
References 64
4. Economic and Planning Aspects of Transportation
Emission 65
Pnina o. Plaut FacultyofArchitectureandTown Planning, Technion,
IsraelInstitute ofTechnology, Haifa, Israel
Steven E. Plaut GraduateSchoolofBusinessAdministration, University
ofHaifa, Haifa, Israel
4.1 Introduction................................... 66
4.2 TheNotionofOptimalPollutionAbatementandControl. 68
4.3 AlternativeSetsofAbatementPoliciesforMobile-
SourceEmissions 72
4.4 AdministrativeMethodsofPollutionEmissionsControl .. 77
4.5 IndirectPricingMechanisms ....................... 82
4.6 Conclusions................................... 86
References 87
PART III
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES 91
5. Introductory Chapter. Overview and the Role
of Engines with Optical Access
93
RichardStone DepartmentofEngineeringScience, Universityof
Oxford, Oxford, UnitedKingdom
5.1 Introduction................................... 94
5.2 Engines withOpticalAccess. ...................... 97
5.3 High-SpeedPhotography 98
5.4 FlameFrontDetection 102
5.5 MixturePreparationandCombustionDiagnostics. ...... 105
Contents ix
5.6 SomeApplicationsofEngines withOpticalAccess. ..... 112
5.7 Conclusions................................... 115
References 115
6. Combustion-Related Emissions in 51 Engines
118
SimoneHochgreb DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Massachusetts, UnitedStates
6.1 Introduction................................... 119
6.2 NOxFormation................................. 124
6.3 CarbonMonoxide ............................... 135
6.4 HeEmissions .................................. 137
6.5 Summary..................................... 163
References 164
7. Pollution from Rotary Internal Combustion Engines 171
MarkDulger DeparmentofMechanicalEngineering, Ben-Gurion
University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
7.1 Introduction................................... 171
7.2 SourcesofHydrocarbonEmissions. ................. 175
References 188
8. Control Technologies in Spark-Ignition Engines 189
BrianE. Milton NuffieldProfessorofMechanicalEngineering, Headof
School, SchoolofMechanicalandManufacturing Engineering, The
University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, Australia
8.1 GlobalandLocalEmissions: ABriefOverviewofthe
Problem 190
8.2 GlobalEmissionsfromSIEngines 205
8.3 EngineControlFactorsforLocalEmissions 209
8.4 TransientOperationofEngines andtheEffecton
Emissions ..................................... 210
8.5 SomeDetailsofControlSystems 222
8.6 Developmentsfor theFuture. ...................... 246
References 255
PART IV
COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES ............... 259
9. Introduction
261
FranzF. Pischinger FEVMotorentechnikGmbHandCo KG, Aachen,
Germany
9.1 TheDieselEngineforCars-IsThere aFuture? 262