Handbook of Aerospace Electromagnetic Compatibility

758 Pages·2018·41.84 MB·English

by  Ray Perez

HandbookofAerospaceElectromagneticCompatibility
IEEEPress
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Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
EkramHossain,EditorinChief
GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer
DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour
DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon
XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp
Handbook of Aerospace Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Editedby
ReinaldoJ.Perez
Copyright©2019byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xii
ListofContributors xiii
InMemoriam xiv
 IntroductiontoEModelsandTechniquesinAerospaceSystems 1
IraKohlberg
1.1 IntroductionandTopicsofInterest 1
1.2 AutonomousSystems 8
1.3 CoupledAirandSpaceSurvivableSystems 30
1.4 EMCConsiderationsofChaos 41
1.5 EMCEffectsonandTechnologyforAerospaceSystems 52
References 73
 DeterministicandStatisticalEMCModelsforField-to-Wire
CouplingandCrosstalkinWireHarness 79
SergioPignari
2.1 Introduction 79
2.2 DeterministicModeling 79
2.3 StatisticalModeling 99
References 115
 HEMPProtectionandVerification 121
WilliamD.Prather
3.1 Introduction 121
3.2 High-AltitudeElectromagneticPulse 122
3.3 HEMPCouplingtoAircraft 129
3.4 ShieldingandShieldingTopology 133
3.5 EMProtectionTechnology 135
3.6 System-LevelSpecificationsandMeasurements 137
3.7 HardeningComponentSpecificationsandMeasurements 169
vi Contents
3.8 HardnessMaintenance/HardnessSurveillance 180
3.9 Conclusion 182
References 183
 HIRFandLightningEffectsandTesting 187
MartinGabrisak
4.1 Introduction 187
4.2 CouplingAnalysis 190
4.3 HIRFElectromagneticEnvironmentandItsEffects 249
4.4 ElectromagneticEffectsofLightning 280
4.5 PrecipitationStatic(P-Static) 321
4.6 LightningEffectsandProtectioninAerospace 330
References 340
 TechniquestoDesignRobustLightningProtectionCircuitsfor
AvionicsEquipment 347
Dr.ClayMcCreary
5.1 Introduction 347
5.2 CleanSheetDesign 347
5.3 EvaluatingandHardeningExistingProtection 368
5.4 DesignExamples 372
5.5 Conclusion 378
References 378
 PyrotechnicSystemsinAerospaceApplications 381
KarenBurnham
6.1 Introduction 381
6.2 Component-LevelConcerns 383
6.3 Vehicle-LevelConcerns 390
6.4 Conclusion 404
References 404
 Assembly-LevelEMCTestingofSpaceComponents/Subsystems 407
LeslieR.Warboys
7.1 PreliminarySteps 407
7.2 BasicTestingConcepts 408
7.3 CommonlyPerformedTests 409
7.4 TestPlan 410
7.5 TestingSequence 414
References 444
 System-LevelTestingofSpacecraft 445
JohannesWolf
8.1 ClassificationofSystem-LevelTesting 445
8.2 System-LevelRequirementsDefinition 452
Contents vii
8.3 TestExecutionattheSystemLevel 461
References 479
 SubsystemEMCforAircraft 483
PaulKay
9.1 Introduction:TheAimofSubsystem-LevelTesting 483
9.2 MotivationsforTesting:SafetyofFlightandSuccessofMission 486
9.3 EmissionsTests 492
9.4 ImmunityTests 511
9.5 TestPlansforAvionicsSubsystems 524
FurtherReading 535
 EMIEffectsinFlightControlSystemsandTheirMitigations 537
IrfanMajid
10.1 Introduction 538
10.2 NatureofEMIExperiencedbyAerospaceVehicles 540
10.3 ReportedCatastrophicEMIOccurrencesinFCS 545
10.4 AnatomyofFBWFCS 548
10.5 FlightManagementSystem 554
10.6 EMCTestStandards 556
10.7 EMCTestMethodologiesofFCS 566
10.8 HowEMICouplestoFCS 580
10.9 ModelingandSimulation 586
10.10 FCSofUAVs 590
10.11 SomeSpecialConsiderationsforEMIMitigation 593
References 598
 EMCConsiderationsforUnmannedAerialVehicles 603
PaulKay
11.1 Introduction 603
11.2 SmallUAVs 605
11.3 Payloads 610
11.4 SmallUAVNavigationandControlSystems 616
11.5 ElectromagneticEnvironmentforSmallUAVs 617
 DCMagneticCleanlinessDescriptionforSpaceflightPrograms 621
PabloS.Narvaez
12.1 MagneticCleanlinessIntroduction 621
12.2 MagneticCleanlinessandControlPhilosophy 622
12.3 MagneticsCleanlinessProgramDescription 623
12.4 EarlyMagneticCleanlinessInvolvement 626
12.5 DesignRequirementsandPractices 629
12.6 MagneticAssessmentandControl 632
12.7 MagneticControlDesignPractices 639
viii Contents
12.8 TestFacilitiesMeasurementandMethods 653
12.9 AnalyticalDeterminationofMagneticFields 671
 SpacecraftCharging 673
RobertC.Scully
13.1 Introduction 673
13.2 HistoricalBackground 676
13.3 GeneralDescriptionoftheNear-EarthElectromagnetic
Environment 677
13.4 IntroductiontoSpacecraftCharging 689
13.5 TypesofSpacecraftCharging 695
13.6 PotentialDamage 697
13.7 WaysandMeansofProtection/Mitigation 699
13.8 ConcludingMaterial 701
References 701
Bibliography 703
 AnalysisandSimulationsofSpaceRadiation-Induced
Single-EventEffectsandTransients 705
ReinaldoJ.Perez
14.1 Introduction 705
14.2 TheSpaceRadiationEnvironment 706
14.3 Single-EventEffects 706
14.4 Single-EventTransient 708
14.5 GenerationandModelingaSET 710
14.6 UseofUpsetRatesforAnalyzingVulnerabilitiesofDesignsto
SEE 713
14.7 CircuitModelingofSETs 716
14.8 SETsinDigitalDevices 718
14.9 SET-InducedClockJitterandFalseClockPulse 722
14.10 DesigningDigitalCircuitsforSETSurvivability 723
14.11 CrosstalkNoisefromSETEventsandDelayEffects 726
14.12 SETinVoltageRegulators 729
14.13 SETPropagationthroughMultipleCircuits 731
14.14 SETHardeningofInterconnects 733
14.15 ModelingSubsystem-andSystem-LevelEffectsfromSET 733
14.16 AnalysesandProtectionforSETforElectronicDevices 737
14.17 SEETestingofSpacecraftHardwareElectronics 741
14.18 Conclusions 743
References 744
Index 749
ix
Preface
Manyoftheearlybeginningsofelectromagneticcompatibility(EMC)arecoin-
cidentalwiththetechnologicaladvancesintheaerospaceindustry,goingasfar
backasthe1960s.Sincethe1960s,EMChasbeenanessentialpartinthedevel-
opmentof aerospacecomponents.Furthermore,EMChasbecome anessen-
tialpartinthedevelopmentofaerospacesubsystemsandsystems.Therefore,
theroleofEMCintheaerospacebusinessisover50yearsold,probablyolder
thananyothertechnology-relatedbusiness.TheHandbookofAerospaceElec-
tromagneticCompatibilityisanup-to-datesnapshotofwhereEMCistodayin
theaerospacebusiness.Itisthefirstbookofitskind.Tothatend,itwasdecided
tobringintothisbookdifferentaspectsofEMCastheseareappliedtodayin
theaerospacebusiness.Eachchapterinthehandbookisindependentandself-
contained,but,inaconvergentway,theensembleofthesechaptersallowsthe
readertobecomeawareofthebigpictureconcerningEMCinaerospaceelec-
tronicsforbothaircraftandspacesystems.Thehandbookisdesignedinsuch
awaythatitwillbemostlyofappliednature,asitistailoredtothepracticing
EMCengineer.ThegoalistoprimarilyprovidepracticingEMCengineersand
evennewlygraduatedengineers,whoareinvolvedorwouldliketobeinvolved
inaerospaceEMC,withagoodoverallbackgroundinaerospaceEMC,sothey
can“hitthegroundrunning”inthebusiness.Thechapterscoverbothaircraft
EMC and spacecraft EMC, and an effort has been made to develop a good
cross-sectionofboth.BecausethefieldofaerospaceEMCisevolving,mostly
by new technological applications in aerospace (e.g., autonomous unmanned
aerialvehicles),itisexpectedthatfutureeditionsofthehandbookwilladdress
neweraerospaceEMCapplicationsorexistingapplicationsthathaveyettobe
covered.
The handbook has been divided into 14 chapters. The organization of the
chaptersissuchthatthefirsttwochaptersaremoretheoreticalinnaturewhile
theremainingchaptersareofappliednature.Althoughthefirsttwochapters
aretheoretical,thetheoryisblendedtoaerospaceapplications.Chapter1,titled
“IntroductiontoE3ModelsandTechniquesinAerospaceSystems,”addresses
sometheoriesandtheaccompaniedmathematicsforautonomoussystemsand
x Preface
coupledairandspacesystems.Thetheoryofchaosisintroducedasappliedto
EMC, and a mathematical approach to the effects of EMC in aerospace sys-
tems is also discussed. Chapter 2, titled “Deterministic and Statistical EMC
ModelsforField-to-WireCouplingandCrosstalkinWireHarness,”addresses
EMC in cables. This chapter is useful in developing a theoretical framework
foroneofthemajorproblemsinaerospaceEMC—thelargeamountofcabling
usedinaerospacesystems,whichareresponsibleforgeneratingalargenumber
ofEMCproblemsinaerospace.Chapter3,titled“EMPProtectionandVerifi-
cation,” looks at a subject, in detail, whose resurgence is now esteemed very
important.Electromagneticpulse(EMP)causedbyeitherthespaceenviron-
ment or nuclear explosions can cause incalculable damage to our aerospace
systemsandothertechnologicalareassuchaselectricalpower,transportations,
andinformationalinfrastructures,justtonameafew.Chapter4,titled“HIRF
and Lightning Effects and Testing,” covers another topic of particular impor-
tancetotheaircraftindustry.Thechapterisveryextensiveanddiscussesthe
theory,suchascouplinganalysisandtheelectromagneticenvironmentandit
effects;italsoincludesconsiderableinformationconcerningtestingandprotec-
tionagainstelectromagneticeffectsforlightningeffectsonaircraft.Chapter5,
titled“TechniquestoDesignRobustLightningProtectionCircuitsforAvionics
Equipment,”discusseslightningeffectsattheboxlevelanditselectronics.The
chapter combines both theory and testing methods for helping provide pro-
tection and hardening of avionics electronics. Chapter 6, titled “Pyrotechnic
Systems in Aerospace Applications,” addresses a particular type of aerospace
componentthatisuniquelysusceptibletoEMCproblems.Pyrotechnicdevices
(or pyros) are present in both aircraft and spacecraft vehicles. Pyros execute
one-timefunctionswhenactivated.Therefore,theneedexiststoprotectsuch
devicesfromEMCproblems,whichcouldcausesomeofthoseone-timefunc-
tionstobeactivatedprematurelyorinadvertentlywithpotentialcatastrophic
consequences.Chapter7,titled“Assembly-LevelEMCTestingofSpaceCom-
ponents/Subsystems,” is dedicated to EMC testing of spacecraft components
attheboxorassemblylevel,whileChapter8,titled“System-LevelTestingof
Spacecraft,thoroughlydiscussestheEMCtestingofspacecraftatthesubsys-
temlevel(i.e.,themultiplespacecraftboxesthatmakeupasubsystem).Chap-
ter9,titled“SubsystemEMCforAircraft,”discussesEMCtestingofelectronic
componentsandsubsystemthatareintendedforintegrationontoaircraft.The
chaptercoverscentralaspectsofsomeofthecommonlyencounteredtechnical
testsperformedunderaviationEMCstandards.Chapter10,titled“EMIEffects
in Flight Control Systems and Their Mitigations,” is dedicated to EMC prob-
lemsinaircraftcontrolsystems.Thecontrolsystemsofanaircraftarethemost
susceptible system to EMC problems because that is where most of the air-
craftelectronicsresides,andthesecontrolsystemsmanageallthecontrolsur-
facesoftheaircraft,whichallowtheaircrafttoflight.Thechapterscoverboth
theoreticalaspectsofEMIcontrolandEMCtesting.Chapter11,titled“EMC