Table Of ContentRobert Karlicek
Ching-Cherng Sun
Georges Zissis
Ruiqing Ma
Editors
Handbook of
Advanced
Lighting
Technology
Handbook of Advanced Lighting
Technology
Robert Karlicek • Ching-Cherng Sun
Georges Zissis • Ruiqing Ma
Editors
Handbook of Advanced
Lighting Technology
With 540 Figures and 75 Tables
Editors
Robert Karlicek Ching-Cherng Sun
Smart Lighting Engineering Center Department of Optics and Photonics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute National Central University
Troy, New York, USA Jhongli, Taiwan
Georges Zissis Ruiqing Ma
Toulouse University OLED Lighting
Toulouse, France Universal Display Corporation
Ewing, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-00175-3 ISBN 978-3-319-00176-0 (eBook)
ISBN 978-3-319-00177-7 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955455
# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
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Foreword
Introduction
This handbook illustrates the development of electrical lighting over more than one
and a half centuries. The accomplishments of scientists, product- and process devel-
opment engineers, application engineers, product and systems designers, architects,
lighting designers, specifiers, entrepreneurs, business people, etc., have resulted in a
remarkable continuous flow of breakthroughs that have shaped and reshaped the way
in which mankind lights its world. It is amazing to see how for each lighting
application area dedicated light sources, luminaires, and systems have been developed
that are most suited and give the best performance for the users of that space.
The incandescent and the gas discharge based light technologies have dominated
the twentieth century. Continuous developments from carbon to tungsten to halogen
incandescent technology increased the energy efficiency and the lifetime of these
light sources. In this book, you will read how materials are applied and pushed to the
boundaries of their abilities in order to create the most effective and efficient light
sources. The development of the technology of glass and quartz; electrical current
feedthroughs through glass, vacuum, and clean gases; and the drawing of metal
wires to ultra-thin coils are described by the world’s most renowned scientists and
industrial development engineers in the world of electrical lighting.
Also in the past century, discharge technologies combined with phosphors have
added another order of magnitude to energy efficiency in combination with a signif-
icant increase in color quality, life time, and light output. These developments enabled
new application areas like road lighting, industrial lighting, studio and theater, etc.
And the technology continued to develop. Ultra-high pressure mercury lamps
enabled the commercialization of beamers and digital projectors. Gas discharge
lamps for car headlights changed the face of cars. The last breakthrough develop-
ment in conventional light sources was the metal halide lamp with ceramic technol-
ogy. This innovative light source solved the color shifting phenomena of metal
halide lamps in retail lighting. And with its high efficiency, long lifetime, and high
lumens it became the lamp of choice for the demanding applications of shop lighting,
hospitality, and other indoor usage.
It is fascinating to read how a relatively small group of scientists and product and
process development engineers worldwide has been able to create such a wide range
of lighting solutions for every lighting application.
v
vi Foreword
Today, the importance and application of these twentieth century “analogue”
lighting technologies are rapidly decreasing. During the last decade, solid state
lighting has quickly started to replace conventional lighting technologies. Light
emitting diodes have been on the market, as indicator lights, since the 1960s but
have only just recently surpassed all mainstream conventional lighting technologies
in performance. This book describes the various technology breakthroughs that were
needed to create reliable and powerful efficient light sources that can be used in all
application areas. Today, the LED lighting technology has turned into a game
changer and is beating the conventional technologies in all aspects that are relevant
for users: in basic lighting performance, such as efficiency, color quality, and
lifetime; in versatility of use and possibilities to embed the light in other structures
than luminaires; and last but not least in price. It is therefore widely anticipated that
in the not too distant future, all of our electric lighting will be LED based.
We are witnessing a transition from the conventional “analogue” lighting technol-
ogies to “digital” lighting. LEDs are easy to control, dim and switch, and easy to
combine with sensors into intelligent lighting systems. This book also describes many
of the technologies that are required for smart sensors, wired and wireless connectivity,
and a whole new kind of electrical, mechanical, optical, and connectivity interfaces.
Intelligent lighting systems will become the back bone for smart homes, smart
buildings, and smart cities. In this way, lighting will become the heart of the “Internet
of Things.” Many new applications will evolve from this, creating more efficient and
especially more human centric lighting systems. But also in adjacent territories, like
indoor positioning, the lighting system will start playing a crucial role.
Our knowledge of what light does to the human eye and brain has developed fast
in the last decade as well. Light does much more than just create energy efficient
light for vision. Light has the ability to improve cognitive performance, it can
energize, increase alertness, or relaxation. It can improve mood, as well as stabilize
the sleep-wake cycle of people. Intelligent lighting systems will enable Human
Centric Lighting and enhance “Quality of Life,” well-being, and performance of
humans, by combining the visual, biological, and emotional benefits of light.
This handbook covers conventional as well as the solid state lighting technologies
and unveils the consequences and opportunities of the transition from analogue to
digital in the field of systems, application, energy efficiency, human factors, measuring
methods, etc. It will serve as an encyclopedia for scientists, engineers, application
designers, and all those who are interested in lighting technology. This handbook, with
contributions from world leading experts, is truly unique in the breadth and the depth
in which it explores 140 years of development in lighting technologies.
Jan W. Denneman
President Global Lighting Association
President Lighting Europe
Vice-President Philips Lighting
Preface
The Handbook of Advanced Lighting Technology is a major reference work on the
subject of light sources science and technology, with particular focus on solid-state
light sources – LEDs and OLEDs – and the development of ‘smart’ or ‘intelligent’
lighting systems. This last implies the integration of advanced light sources, sensors,
and adaptive control architectures to provide tailored illumination which is ‘fit to
purpose’ and ‘best service’ to the end-user.
The concept of smart lighting goes hand-in-hand with the development of solid-
state light sources, which offer levels of control not previously available with
conventional lighting systems. This has impact not only at the scale of the individual
user, but also at an environmental and wider economic level.
These advances have enabled and motivated significant research activity on the
human factors of lighting, particularly related to the impact of lighting on healthcare
and education, and the Handbook provides detailed reviews of work in these areas.
The potential applications for smart lighting span the entire spectrum of technology,
from domestic and commercial lighting, to breakthroughs in biotechnology, trans-
portation, and light-based wireless communication. Whilst most current research
globally is in the field of solid-state lighting, there is renewed interest in the
development of conventional and non-conventional light sources for specific
applications.
This Handbook comprehensively reviews the basic physical principles and device
technologies behind all light source types and includes discussion of the state-of-the-
art. The book essentially breaks down into five major parts: Part 1: The physics,
materials, and device technology of established, conventional, and emerging light
sources, Part 2: The science and technology of solid-state (LED and OLED) light
sources, Part 3: Driving, sensing and control, and the integration of these different
technologies under the concept of smart lighting, Part 4: Human factors and appli-
cations, Part 5: Environmental and economic factors and implications.
vii
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
History of Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
John F. Waymouth
History of Solid-State Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Oleg Shchekin and M. George Craford
Part II Light-Emitting Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
LED Materials: Epitaxy and Quantum Well Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Zhen-Yu Li, Hao-Chung Kuo, Chen-Yu Shieh, Ching-Hsueh Chiu,
Po-Min Tu, and Wu-Yih Uen
LED Materials: GaN on Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Armin Dadgar and Alois Krost
Thin-GaN LED Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Ray-Hua Horng
Phosphors for White LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chun Che Lin, Wei-Ting Chen, and Ru Shi Liu
Component-Level Reliability: Physical Models and
Testing Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Cher Ming Tan
Thermal Management: Component to Systems Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Te-Yuan Chung
Optical Design: Chip and Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Ching-Cherng Sun
ix
x Contents
Part III OLEDS/PLEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
White OLED Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Yonghua Chen and Dongge Ma
White OLED Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Dongge Ma
OLED Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Wooram Youn, Sai-Wing Tsang, and Franky So
White OLED Lighting Panel Manufacturing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Jeffrey P. Spindler, John W. Hamer, and Marina E. Kondakova
OLED Manufacturing Equipment and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Jeffrey P. Spindler, John W. Hamer, and Marina E. Kondakova
Part IV Intelligent Lighting System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Joseph Denicholas
Conventional IR and Ultrasonic Sensor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
J. P. Steiner
Ambient and Spectral Light Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Sajol Ghoshal
Adaptive Distributed Sensing and Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Zhenhua Huang, Fangxu Dong, and Arthur C. Sanderson
Lighting Control Protocols and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Maulin Patel and Satyen Mukherjee
Adaptive Control Technology for Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Francis Rubinstein
Ambient Light Sensor Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Frangiskos V. Topalis and Lambros T. Doulos
Optical Wireless Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Z. Zhou and M. Kavehrad
Indoor Localization and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Shinichiro Haruyama
Integration of RF and VLC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Michael B. Rahaim and Thomas D. C. Little
Contents xi
Volume 2
Part V Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Agricultural and Horticultural Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Paulo Pinho and Liisa Halonen
Museum and Exhibition Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Jean-Jacques Ezrati
Landscape Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Janet Lennox Moyer
Part VI Human Factors and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Human Vision and Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy and Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
History of Color Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Wendy Davis
Color Rendering Metrics: Status, Methods, and Future
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
A. Žukauskas and Michael S. Shur
Photoreception for Human Circadian and Neurobehavioral
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
George C. Brainard and John P. Hanifin
Lighting and the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Eunice Noell-Waggoner
Photobiological Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Christophe Martinsons
Educational Lighting and Learning Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Thorbjörn Laike
Ethnic and Social Aspects of Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Shin Ukegawa
Part VII Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Energy Consumption and Environmental and Economic Impact of
Lighting: The Current Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Georges Zissis
Life Cycle Assessment of Lighting Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Leena Tähkämö and Heather Dillon
