Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants, Volume 2: General Knowledge, Application of Adhesives, New Curing Techniques

533 Pages·2006·7.36 MB·English

by  Phillipe Cognard

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
General Knowledge, Application Techniques,
New Curing Techniques
Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants – Volume 2
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ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
General Knowledge, Application Techniques,
New Curing Techniques
Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants
Volume 2
S E
ERIES DITOR
P C
HILIPPE OGNARD
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First edition 2006
ISBN-13: 978-0-08-044708-7
ISBN-10: 0-080-44708-2
Printed in Great Britain.
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Colour Plates xxvii–xlii
Chapter 1. Theories of Adhesion 1
John Comyn
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Adhesion by Chemical Bonding 2
1.2.1. Covalent Bonds 2
1.2.2. Ionic Bonds 9
1.2.3. The Unique Properties of Water 13
1.2.4. Hydrogen Bonds 15
1.2.5. Lewis Acid–Base Interactions 15
1.3. Adhesion by Physical Adsorption 17
1.3.1. Introduction 17
1.3.2. van der Waals Forces 17
1.3.3. Measurements of Surface Forces 19
1.3.4. Interpretation of Contact Angles 23
1.3.5. Thermodynamic Work of Adhesion 34
1.3.6. Practical Applications of Wetting 39
1.4. The Electrostatic Theory of Adhesion 40
1.5. Mechanical Interlocking 41
1.6. Adhesion by Interdiffusion 41
1.7. Weak Boundary Layers 45
1.8. Pressure Sensitive Adhesion 45
Chapter 2. Equipment for the Application of Adhesives and Sealants:
Mixing, Metering, Coating or Applying the Adhesives 51
Philippe Cognard
2.1. Methods of Application of Adhesives, Sealants and Related
Products 52
2.2. Preparation Before Bonding 53
2.2.1. Surface Preparation of Materials 53
2.2.2. Conditioning of Materials Before Bonding 55
2.2.3. Stabilisation of Materials 56
2.2.4. Conditioning of Workshops in Temperature and Humidity 56
2.2.5. Preparation of Adhesives and Sealants 57
2.2.6. Mixing and Metering of Two-Component Products 58
vi Contents
2.3. Adhesive Coating, General Rules 59
2.3.1. Different Methods 59
2.3.2. Classification of the Different Coating/Dispensing Systems 61
2.4. Hand Application Techniques 61
2.4.1. Brush Application 61
2.4.2. Notched Trowel 62
2.4.3. Manual or Hand Roller Application 65
2.4.4. Trowel and Knife Application 65
2.4.5. Syringe and Needle Application 65
2.4.6. Effects of Pressure and Time on Dot Size 69
2.4.7. Guns for Cartridges 71
2.4.8. Two-Component Cartridges and Static Mixers 72
2.4.9. Squeeze Bottles 77
2.4.10. Other Manual Application Techniques 79
2.5. Spraying 81
2.5.1. Air Spray (or Low Pressure Spray) 82
2.5.2. Airless Spray 91
2.5.3. Hot Spray 93
2.5.4. Automatic Spraying 94
2.5.5. Spraying Two-Component Adhesives 97
2.5.6. Hot Melt Adhesive Guns for Jetting 99
2.6. Application of Adhesives and Sealants by Extrusion
Techniques 100
2.6.1. Extrusion of Fluid Adhesives (less than 50,000 mPas) 101
2.6.2. Extrusion of Thick, Viscous Products
(Sealants, Structural Adhesives for Thick Joints,
Viscosities Higher than 50,000 mPas) 107
2.6.3. Continuous Application, Roll Coating 109
2.7. Coating on Roll Stocks, Roll Application, Knife
Application 110
2.7.1. Knife and Doctor Blade Coating 110
2.7.2. Air Knife 113
2.7.3. Roll Coating, Different Techniques 114
2.7.4. Die Coaters 125
2.7.5. Special Roll Coaters for Specific Machines 128
2.8. Disc and Wheels Applicators 132
2.9. Stencil or Stereotyped Application and Techniques Issued
from Printing 134
2.9.1. Typography 137
2.9.2. Heliogravure (engraved rollers) 137
2.9.3. Offset 137
2.9.4. Silk Screen Printing 138
2.9.5. Rotary Screen Printing 138
Contents vii
2.10. Curtain Coaters 140
2.11. Dip Coating 144
2.11.1. Manual Dipping 145
2.11.2. Automatic Dip Coating 145
2.11.3. Dip Coating of Roll Stocks 146
2.11.4. New Applications 148
2.12. Gravity Fed Adhesives, Ball Valves, Tampons 148
2.12.1. PAFRA Ball Valve Applicators (or Similar
Ball Valves from Other Suppliers) 149
2.13. Electro-pneumatic Guns for Cold Adhesives 150
2.14. Metering and Mixing of Two-Component Adhesives
and Sealants 155
2.14.1. General Information 155
2.14.2. Metering 156
2.14.3. Mixing 160
2.14.4. Extrusion/Dispensing 162
2.14.5. Spraying 163
2.14.6. Cleaning by Flushing with Solvents 164
2.14.7. Control Systems 164
2.14.8. Examples of Complete Systems for Metering,
Mixing and Dispensing Two-Component Adhesives/
Sealants 164
2.14.9. Application of Two-Component Hot Melts 166
2.15. Automatic or Robotic Application with Syringes 167
2.16. Application of Powders 170
2.17. Application of Dry Adhesives, Film Adhesives 171
2.17.1. Pressure Sensitive (PS) Tapes, Labels and Roll
Stocks 172
2.17.2. Dry Film Adhesives 174
2.17.3. Films or Textiles Pre-Coated with a Dry Adhesive 178
2.17.4. Pellets 178
2.17.5. Preformed Tapes 179
2.17.6. Pre-Measured Doses for Two-Component Adhesives
or Sealants 181
2.17.7. Adhesive Sticks 181
2.18. Special Techniques 182
2.18.1. Foaming 182
2.18.2. Potting, Casting and Encapsulating 184
2.19. List and Adresses of Suppliers of Equipment for the
Application of Adhesives and Sealants 186
2.19.1. Conditioning of Wood, Paper, Before Bonding, Ovens 186
2.19.2. Mixing and Metering 186
viii Contents
2.19.3. Hand Tools 187
2.19.4. Syringe and Needles Application 187
2.19.5. Cartridges for Sealants, Guns for Cartridges,
One and Two-Component Cartridges 188
2.19.6. Spraying Equipment, Spray Guns, Air Spray,
Airless, Hot Spray 188
2.19.7. Pumps 189
2.19.8. Spray Booth and Lines 189
2.19.9. Hot Melts Jetting Guns 189
2.19.10. Extrusion Guns 190
2.19.11. Roll Coaters 190
2.19.12. Die Coaters, Slot Dies 191
2.19.13. Edge Banding Machines 191
2.19.14. Labelling Machines 191
2.19.15. Bookbinding Machines, Bonding Equipment 191
2.19.16. Stencil, Typographic, Offset Equipment 192
2.19.17. Curtain Coaters 192
2.19.18. Ball Valve Applicators 192
2.19.19. Electropneumatic Valves 192
2.19.20. Pressure Sensitive Tapes Unwinders 192
2.19.21. Film Adhesives 193
2.19.22. Robots 193
2.19.23. Rotary Screen Applicators 193
Chapter 3. Design and Stress Calculations for Bonded Joints 197
Richard J. Moulds
3.1. Adhesives – Stress Matters 198
3.1.1. The Basic Stresses 198
3.1.2. Stressed Adhesive 198
3.1.3. Shear Strength 200
3.2. Lap Joints – Stress Distribution 202
3.2.1. The Adherends 202
3.2.2. Elastic Limit of the Adhesive 204
3.2.3. Stress Distribution in Lap Joints 205
3.2.4. The Influence of the Adhesive Modulus 214
3.2.5. Stress Distribution in Tubular Joints 216
3.3. Joint Designs for Bonding 220
3.3.1. The Simple Lap 220
3.3.2. Thicker Section Lap Joints 221
3.3.3. Concealed Joints 224
3.3.4. Co-axial Joints 225
3.4. Stress Mathematics 227
3.4.1. Elastic Behaviour 227
3.4.2. The Volkersen View 228
Contents ix
3.4.3. Goland and Reissner Consider Bending 229
3.4.4. Hart–Smith Consider the Plastic Zone 229
3.4.5. Data Needed for Stress Calculations 230
3.5. Practical Testing 230
Software for the Design and Calculation of Bonded Joints 231
Chapter 4. Heat-Resistant Adhesives 233
Guy Rabilloud
4.1. Introduction 234
4.2. Polymer Properties 237
4.2.1. Molecular Weight Determination 237
4.2.2. Thermal Properties 239
4.3. Polymer Chemistry 243
4.3.1. Linear Polymer Precursors 244
4.3.2. Precyclised Polymers 246
4.3.3. Condensation Oligomers 250
4.3.4. Thermosetting Resins 254
4.4. Resin Characterisation 260
4.4.1. Infrared Spectroscopy 261
4.4.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 261
4.4.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography 263
4.5. Adhesive Properties 265
4.5.1. Lap Shear Strength Measurement 265
4.5.2. Precyclised and Linear Polymers 266
4.5.3. Thermosetting Resins 271
4.5.4. Condensation Prepolymers 280
4.6. Applications 290
Heat Stable Adhesives 300
Chapter 5. UV-Radiation Curing of Adhesives 303
Christian Decker
5.1. Introduction 303
5.2. Different Types of UV-Curable Adhesive Resins 305
5.2.1. Photoinitiated Radical Polymerisation 306
5.2.2. Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerisation 314
5.2.3. Dual-Cure Systems 319
5.3. Applications of Radiation-Curable Adhesives 322
5.3.1. Structural Adhesives 322
5.3.2. Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) 326
5.3.3. Release Coatings 329
5.4. Conclusion 331
List of Suppliers for UV Curing Techniques,
Adhesives and UV Equipment 341