Handbook of Acoustics

1036 Pages·2007·92.96 MB·English

by  M. Schroeder

Springer Handbook
of Acoustics
SpringerHandbooksprovide
aconcisecompilationofapproved
key information on methods of
research, general principles, and
functional relationships in physi-
cal sciences and engineering. The
world’sleadingexpertsinthefields
ofphysicsandengineeringwillbe
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Thevolumesaredesignedtobe
useful as readable desk reference
bookstogiveafastandcomprehen-
siveoverviewandeasyretrievalof
essential reliable key information,
includingtables,graphs,andbibli-
ographies.Referencestoextensive
sourcesareprovided.
Springer
Handbook
of Acoustics
Thomas D. Rossing (Ed.)
WithCD-ROM,962Figuresand91Tables
123
Editor:
ThomasD.Rossing
StanfordUniversity
CenterforComputerResearchinMusicandAcoustics
Stanford,CA94305,USA
EditorialBoard:
ManfredR.Schroeder,UniversityofGöttingen,Germany
WilliamM.Hartmann,MichiganStateUniversity,USA
NevilleH.Fletcher,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia
FloydDunn,UniversityofIllinois,USA
D.MurrayCampbell,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,UK
LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2006927050
ISBN:978-0-387-30446-5 e-ISBN:0-387-30425-0
Printedonacidfreepaper
(cid:1)c 2007,SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCNewYork
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or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer
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V
Foreword
Thepresenthandbookcoversaverywidefield.Its28chaptersrangefromthehistory
of acoustics to sound propagation in the atmosphere; from nonlinear and underwa-
teracousticstothermoacousticsandconcerthallacoustics.Alsocoveredaremusical
acoustics, including computer and electronic music; speech and singing; animal (in-
cluding whales) communication as well as bioacoustics in general, psychoacoustics
andmedicalacoustics.Inaddition,therearechaptersonstructuralacoustics,vibration
andnoise,includingopticalmethodsfortheirmeasurement;microphones,theircali-
bration,andmicrophoneandhydrophonearrays;acousticholography;modelanalysis
andmuchelseneededbytheprofessionalengineerandscientist.
Amongtheauthorswefindmanyillustriousnames:YoichiAndo,MackBreazeale,
BabrinaDunmire,NevilleFletcher,AndersGade,WilliamHartmann,WilliamKuper-
Prof.Dr.M.R.Schroeder
man,WernerLauterborn,GeorgeMaling,BrianMoore,AllanPierce,ThomasRossing,
UniversityProfessor
Johan Sundberg, Eric Young, and many more. They hail from countries around the SpeachandAcousticsLaboratory
world: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Sweden, the University of Göttingen,
Germany
United Kingdom, and the USA. There is no doubt that this handbook will fill many
needs,naybeirreplaceableintheartofexercisingtoday’smanyinterdisciplinarytasks
devolvingonacoustics.Noreadercouldwishforawiderandmoreexpertcoverage.
Iwishthepresenttomethewideacceptanceandsuccessitsurelydeserves.
Göttingen,March2007 ManfredR.Schroeder
VII
Preface
“Ahandbook,”accordingtothedictionary,“isabookcapableofbeingconveniently
carried as a ready reference.” Springer has created the Springer Handbook series on
importantscientificandtechnicalsubjects,andwefeelfortunatethattheyhaveincluded
acousticsinthiscategory.
Acoustics,thescienceofsound,isaratherbroadsubjecttobecoveredinasingle
handbook.Itembodiesmanydifferentacademicdisciplines,suchasphysics,mechan-
icalandelectricalengineering,mathematics,speechandhearingsciences,music,and
architecture. There are many technical areas in acoustics; the Acoustical Society of
America, for example, includes 14 technical committees representing different areas
ofacoustics.Itisimpossibletocoveralloftheseareasinasinglehandbook.Wehave
triedtoincludeasmanyaspossibleofthe“hot”topicsinthisinterdisciplinaryfield,in-
Prof.em.T.D.Rossing
cludingbasicscienceandtechnologicalapplications.Weapologizetothereaderwhose
NorthernIllinoisUniversity
favoritetopicsarenotincluded.
PresentlyvisitingProfessor
We have grouped the 28 chapters in the book into eight parts: Propagation of ofMusicatStanfordUniversity
Sound;PhysicalandNonlinearAcoustics;ArchitecturalAcoustics;HearingandSignal
Processing;Music,Speech, andElectroacoustics;Biologicaland MedicalAcoustics;
StructuralAcousticsandNoise;andEngineeringAcoustics.Thechaptersareofvarying
length.Theyalsoreflecttheindividualwritingstylesofthevariousauthors,allofwhom
areauthoritiesintheirfields.Althoughanattemptwasmadetokeepthemathematical
levelofthechaptersasevenaspossible,readerswillnotethatsomechaptersaremore
mathematicalthanothers;thisisunavoidableandinfactlendssomedegreeofrichness
tothebook.
Weareindebtedtomanypersons,especiallyWernerSkolaut,themanagerofthe
SpringerHandbooks,andtotheeditorialboard,consistingofNevilleFletcher,Floyd
Dunn, William Hartmann, and Murray Campbell, and for their advice. Each chapter
wasreviewedbytwoauthoritativereviewers,andwearegratefultothemfortheirser-
vices.Butmostofallwethanktheauthors,allofwhomarebusypeoplebutdevoted
muchtimetocarefullypreparingtheirchapters.
Stanford,April2007 ThomasD.Rossing
IX
List of Authors
IskanderAkhatov PerryR.Cook
NorthDakotaStateUniversity PrincetonUniversity
CenterforNanoscaleScienceandEngineering, DepartmentofComputerScience
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering 35OldenStreet
111DolveHall Princeton,NJ08540,USA
Fargo,ND58105-5285,USA e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
JamesCowan
YoichiAndo ResourceSystemsGroupInc.
3917-680Takachiho WhiteRiverJunction,VT85001,USA
899-6603Makizono,Kirishima,Japan e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
MarkF.Davis
KeithAttenborough
DolbyLaboratories
TheUniversityofHull
100PotreroAve,
DepartmentofEngineering
SanFrancisco,CA94103,USA
CottinghamRoad
e-mail:[email protected]
Hull,HU67RX,UK
e-mail:[email protected] BarbrinaDunmire
UniversityofWashington
WhitlowW.L.Au
AppliedPhysicsLaboratory
HawaiiInstituteofMarineBiology
1013NE40thStr.
P.O.Box1106
Seattle,WA98105,USA
Kailua,HI96734,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
NevilleH.Fletcher
KirkW.Beach
AustralianNationalUniversity
UniversityofWashington
ResearchSchoolofPhysicalSciencesand
DepartmentofSurgery
Engineering
Seattle,WA98195,USA
Canberra,ACT0200,Australia
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:neville.fl[email protected]
MackA.Breazeale
UniversityofMississippi AndersChristianGade
NationalCenterforPhysicalAcoustics TechnicalUniversityofDenmark
027NCPABldg. AcousticTechnology,Oersted.DTU
University,MS38677,USA Building352
e-mail:[email protected] 2800Lyngby,Denmark
e-mail:[email protected],
AntoineChaigne
[email protected]
UnitédeMécanique(UME)
EcoleNationaleSupérieuredeTechniques ColinGough
Avancées(ENSTA) UniversityofBirmingham
ChemindelaHunière SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy
91761Palaiseau,France Birmingham,B152TT,UK
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
X ListofAuthors
WilliamM.Hartmann BjörnLindblom
MichiganStateUniversity StockholmUniversity
1226BPSBuilding DepartmentofLinguistics
EastLansing,MI48824,USA 10691Stockholm,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected],
[email protected]
FinnJacobsen
ØrstedDTU,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark
GeorgeC.Maling,Jr.
AcousticTechnology
InstituteofNoiseControlEngineeringoftheUSA
ØrstedsPlads,Building352
60HighHeadRoad
2800Lyngby,Denmark
Harpswell,ME04079,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
Yang-HannKim
MichaelMcPherson
KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScience
TheUniversityofMississippi
andTechnology(KAIST)
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
123LewisHall
CenterforNoiseandVibrationControl(NOVIC)
P.O.Box1848
AcousticsandVibrationLaboratory
University,MS38677,USA
373-1Kusong-dong,Yusong-gu
e-mail:[email protected]
Daejeon,305-701,Korea
e-mail:[email protected]
Nils-ErikMolin
WilliamA.Kuperman LuleåUniversityofTechnology
UniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego ExperimentalMechanics
ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography SE-97187Luleå,Sweden
9500GilmanDrive e-mail:[email protected]
LaJolla,CA92093-0701,USA
e-mail:[email protected] BrianC.J.Moore
UniversityofCambridge
ThomasKurz
DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology
UniversitätGöttingen
DowningStreet
Friedrich-Hund-Platz1
Cambridge,CB23EB,UK
37077Göttingen,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
AlanD.Pierce
MarcO.Lammers
BostonUniversity
HawaiiInstituteofMarineBiology
CollegeofEngineering
P.O.Box1106
Boston,MA,USA
Kailua,HI96734,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
WernerLauterborn ThomasD.Rossing
UniversitätGöttingen StanfordUniversity
DrittesPhysikalischesInstitut CenterforComputerResearchinMusicand
Friedrich-Hund-Platz1 Acoustics(CCRMA)
37077Göttingen,Germany DepartmentofMusic
e-mail: Stanford,CA94305,USA
[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
ListofAuthors XI
PhilippeRoux GeorgeS.K.Wong
UniversitéJosephFourier InstituteforNationalMeasurementStandards
LaboratoiredeGeophysiqueInterneet (INMS)
Tectonophysique NationalResearchCouncilCanada(NRC)
38041Grenoble,France 1200MontrealRoad
e-mail:[email protected] Ottawa,ONK1A0R6,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
JohanSundberg
EricD.Young
KTH–RoyalInstituteofTechnology
JohnsHopkinsUniversity
DepartmentofSpeech,Music,andHearing
Baltimore,MD21205,USA
SE-10044Stockholm,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
GregoryW.Swift
LosAlamosNationalLaboratory
CondensedMatterandThermalPhysicsGroup
LosAlamos,NM87545,USA
e-mail:[email protected]