Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering

847 Pages·2016·21.41 MB·English

by  Chao A.

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H a n d b o o k o f
Accelerator Physics
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Physics a1.213.8.2 SKLaArCl NHautibonearlt A Mcceelesrsator Laboratory, USA
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Ac Maury Tigner
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CERN, Switzerland
World Scientific
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g 6. HANDBOOK OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
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Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press Pte Ltd.
Preface
m ThisHandbookisaproductoftheworldcommunityofacceleratorphysicistsandengineers. Thefirst
co edition wasissued September, 1998. With thecontinued advancing ofthe accelerator field, asecond
ntific. editiTonhiaspipsenaorstnaotwexitnbooordkerb.ut rather a collection of information useful to professionals in research,
e
ci design,construction,andoperationofaccelerators. TheHandbookhasbeenpreparedbymorethan200
s
d
orl experiencedexpertsfromacrossthespectrumofacceleratorrelatedinstitutionsandtothemgreatthanks
w aredue.
ww.y. Inaddition tocontent, ahighpriority hasbeengiventoportability ofthebook. Thishasledtoa
wnl sacrificeofsomeaestheticsinordertomakethetextascompactaspossible. Forthat,ourapologiesgo
ownloaded from or personal use o tfimtoonoupdssrStoleoipvrncsaigadrautteniloaadarnrelarsyeunlotiiohfmatobtpiurlnseottorealtrenlaiiaandkdlteed.mainrteatoottehbtrheieaerleelxaiftheserarweuantseuctlirelvesae.stoIonrrebalteiodafdboinilutedinoiddcnea,attataeitdlpherefitooaerirnlifedtuydortoifhnfeedardecixrshecgasodiuvvibeensrsgye.accotTicroehnisen.svrHeteonfeetroireocenctnhu,cerebrsuuestnfecorraertwshthoielerfl
g D6. F importantsubjectsandconceptstobefoundherein.
n1 Thefees and royalties that would normally bepaid to authors and editors aredonated to provide
gineeri03/24/ schoAlaursthhoiprssatondthEedCitEorRsNhaAveccmelaedreatgorreSatchefofoolrtasntdotfiontdheanUdSelPimaritnicalteeAercrcoerlse.rNateovreSrtchheoloesl.swerecognize
Enon thattherewillbeerrorsandhaveprovidedforerratatoappearonaHandbookwebsite:
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ator Physics aby 91.213.8.2 P(cid:2)[email protected]:i/fs/owrcdwo.mewdm.uwu(cid:3)o.nriltdysceifefnotritfibcy.cosemn/dwinogrldssucgigbeosotkiosn/1s0f.o1r14c2o/r8re5c4t3ions by e-mail to the address
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of Editors
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nd MauryTigner,Ithaca,NewYork
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H FrankZimmermann,Geneva,Switzerland

Karl-HubertMeß,Su¨lfeld,Germany
July2012
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Acknowledgments to Second Edition
TheeditorsherebyacknowledgewithappreciationthesupportoftheManagementsofSLACNational
AcceleratorLaboratory atStanfordUniversity, theCornellLaboratory forAccelerator-based Sciences
m
o andEducation,andtheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch,CERN,withoutwhichthiswork
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c. would have been impossible. We also wish to give our special thanks to Jeanne Butler and World
ntifi ScientificPublishingCompanystaffforcountlessessentialtechnicalhelp.
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Engineerinon 03/24/1 TSwLhheAicCehdtiahttoisrSstwahnoefrrokerbdwyUoaunclikdvneohrwsaivtlyeedsaginemdpwoliyfthtbhdeeeenLepaiebmsotpraoatpsosprirybelceoi.fatNiWouneclaaenlasdroSthwtuaindshkiesttohaetgsiCvuoeprpnsoperletlcoiUaflntithvheearnDskiitsryetcwotoitSrhscoooutftt
d 6 Berg, Indiana University, and Tom Hays, Cornell, for essential help with the technical complexities
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a2 of typesetting software and to Jim Wahl, SLACand Don Miller, Cornell for their indispensable help
Physics 1.213.8. wsoiftthwtahree,ilglruesatrtatthioannks.saFroerdcuoenttionTuaolmgKuindiagnhcte,SaLndAChe.lpwiththeintricacies ofcomputerhardware and
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vi
Table of Contents
m Preface v
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ntific. 1 I1N.1TRHOODWUCTTOIUOSNETHISBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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ci 1.2 NOMENCLATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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orld 1.3 FUNDAMENTALCONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
w 1.4 UNITSANDCONVERSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ww.y. 1.4.1 Units A.W.Chao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
wnl 1.4.2 Conversions M.Tigner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ownloaded from or personal use o 1.5 F1111....U5555....N1342DASEKCMpluieneErccevNtimiraloTilanmAtFeiaLcaugarnFnlcCeORtiotoieRosnlmrMasdtiiU.onnaL..stAe..ES...y...Ast.e...Wm....sC...h....a....o.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 56657
g D6. F 1.5.5 VectorAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
gineerin03/24/1 1.6 G11..L56..O61SSARAeRnltYaiptiOrvoiFttoyAnC.SCo.uE.rLc.eEs.R.KAT..GO.oR.llTw.Yi.tzP.eEr.,SJ....M..ar..ri..ne..r.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 888
d En6 on 1.6.2 Betatron M.Tigner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
an23 1.6.3 Colliders D.Hartill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ator Physics by 91.213.8. 1111....6666....4675 CFHEFlyiegAcchlGtorVtorAosotlcnatcatiegHclee.ArEBacltlceooecrsltserMeorrad,.tyKoMnr.a.CmJCr.iraFcadedAdrdorcoyccckekl.er...at...or...s...M.......R....C...le...la...n...d... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 11124782
eler 1.6.8 InductionLinac R.Bangerter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
cc 1.6.9 IndustrialAccelerators R.Hellborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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of 1.6.10 Laser,WakefieldandPlasmaAccelerators J.Rosenzweig. . . . . . . . . . . . 31
k 1.6.11 LinearAcceleratorsforElectrons G.A.Loew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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bo 1.6.12 LinearAcceleratorsforProtons S.Henderson,A.Aleksandrov . . . . . . . . . 36
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n 1.6.13 LivingstonChart D.Hartill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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H 1.6.14 MedicalApplicationsofAccelerators J.Alonso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6.14.1 Radiationtherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6.14.2 Radioisotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.6.15 μ+μ−Collider R.Palmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.15.1 Collider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.15.2 Muonstorageringneutrinofactories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6.15.3 Technicalchallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6.16 NeutronSources J.Wei,H.Lengeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.6.17 PulsedHighVoltageDevices J.A.Nation,D.A.Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.6.18 RadioFrequencyQuadrupole J.Staples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.6.19 Rhodotron Y.Jongen,M.Abs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.6.20 StorageRings W.Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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1.6.21 Synchrotrons C.Zhang,S.X.Fang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.6.22 Two-BeamAccelerator J.P.Delahaye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.7 ACCELERATORCOMPUTERCODES R.Ryne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2 BEAMDYNAMICS 65
2.1 PHASESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.1.1 LinearBetatronMotion D.A.Edwards,M.J.Syphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.1.2 LongitudinalMotion D.A.Edwards,M.J.Syphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.3 LinearCoupledSystem D.A.Edwards,M.J.Syphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.4 OrbitalEigen-AnalysisforElectronStorageRing J.A.Ellison,H.Mais,G.Ripken 68
2.2 OPTICSANDLATTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
m 2.2.1 SingleElementOptics K.Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
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ntifi Fields M.Venturini,A.Dragt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
cie 2.2.3 LatticesforColliderStorageRings E.Keil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
ds 2.2.4 LatticesforLow-EmittanceLightSources C.Steier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
orl 2.2.4.1 Latticechoices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
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w. 2.2.4.2 Chromaticitycorrectionandnonlinearoptimization . . . . . . . . . 83
wwnly. 2.2.4.3 Systematiclatticeoptimizationtechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
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DF 2.3.1.1 Generalcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ng 16. 2.3.1.2 Transversemotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
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n3 D.A.Edwards,M.J.Syphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
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ator by 9 2.3.6 LieAlgebraicMethods A.Dragt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
er 2.3.7 DifferentialAlgebraicTechniques M.Berz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
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cc 2.3.8 SymplecticIntegrationMethods H.Yoshida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
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of 2.3.8.1 Methodsofrealization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
k 2.3.8.2 Symplecticmethodvs.nonsymplecticmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
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o 2.3.9 DynamicAperture A.Wolski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
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n 2.3.10 Decoherence M.A.Furman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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H 2.3.11 MomentumCompactionandPhaseSlipFactor K.Y.Ng . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

2.3.12 NonlinearDynamicsExperiments W.Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.3.13 EchoEffects G.V.Stupakov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.4 COLLECTIVEEFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.4.1 CollectiveEffectsinHighEnergyElectronLinacs K.Kubo,K.Yokoya,
K.Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.4.1.1 Singlebunchlongitudinaldynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.4.1.2 Multibunchlongitudinaldynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.4.1.3 Singlebunchtransversedynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.4.1.4 Multibunchtransversedynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.4.1.5 Effectsofstructuremisalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.4.2 CollectiveEffectsinEnergyRecoveryLinacs G.Hoffstaetter . . . . . . . . . 127
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2.4.3 BeamLoading D.Boussard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.4.3.1 Single-bunchpassageinacavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.4.3.2 Cavityequivalentcircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.4.3.3 Transmission of small modulations (AM and PM) through a cavity
withbeamloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
2.4.3.4 Periodicbeamloadingatmultiplesoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
0
2.4.3.5 Rfpowerneededfortransientbeam-loadingcorrection . . . . . . . 132
2.4.3.6 Traveling-wavecavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2.4.4 Space-ChargeDominatedBeamsinGunsandTransportLines M.Ferrario . . 133
2.4.5 SpaceChargeEffectsinCircularAccelerators B.Zotter . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.4.5.1 Directspacechargeeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
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o 2.4.5.2 Betatronfrequencyshifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
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c. 2.4.6 BeamDynamicsinProtonLinacs S.Henderson,A.Aleksandrov . . . . . . . . 140
ntifi 2.4.7 VlasovandFokker-PlanckEquations B.Zotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
cie 2.4.8 PotentialWellEffect B.Zotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
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d 2.4.9 Single-BunchInstabilitiesinCircularAccelerators B.Zotter . . . . . . . . . . 147
worl 2.4.10 SachererFormulae B.Zotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
w. 2.4.11 LandauDamping K.Y.Ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
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wnl 2.4.12 IntrabeamScatteringandTouschekEffect V.Lebedev . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
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DF 2.4.15 CoherentSynchrotronRadiationInstability G.Stupakov . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
ng 16. 2.5 BEAM-BEAMEFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
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Enon 2.5.1.2 Longbunches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
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n3 2.5.1.3 DispersionatIP,crossingangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
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ator by 9 2.5.3.2 Beamstrahlung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
er 2.5.3.3 Backgroundandspentbeam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
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cc 2.5.4 ParasiticBeam-BeamEffectsandSeparationSchemes J.M.Jowett . . . . . . 180
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of 2.5.4.1 Separationschemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
k 2.5.4.2 Long-rangebeam-beameffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
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bo 2.6 POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
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n 2.6.1 Thomas-BMTEquation T.Roser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
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H 2.6.2 SpinorAlgebra T.Roser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

2.6.3 SpinRotatorsandSiberianSnakes T.Roser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.6.4 DepolarizingResonancesandSpinFlippers T.Roser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
2.6.5 PolarizedHadronBeamsandSiberianSnakes A.D.Krisch,M.A.Leonova. . . 187
2.6.6 RadiativePolarizationinElectronStorageRings D.P.Barber,G.Ripken . . . 191
2.6.7 Computing Algorithms for e−/e+ Polarization in Storage Rings D.P.Barber,
G.Ripken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
2.6.8 SpinMatchingine−/e+Rings D.P.Barber,G.Ripken . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
2.6.9 LieAlgebraforSpinMotion K.Yokoya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
2.7 BEAMCOOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2.7.1 StochasticCooling M.Blaskiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2.7.1.1 Coolingrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
ix
2.7.1.2 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2.7.1.3 Newtechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2.7.2 ElectronCooling S.Nagaitsev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
2.7.3 LaserCooling J.Hangst,A.Noda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
2.7.4 IonizationCooling D.Neuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
2.7.5 CrystallineBeam J.Wei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
3 ELECTROMAGNETICANDNUCLEARINTERACTIONS 215
3.1 SYNCHROTRONRADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3.1.1 RadiationofaPointCharge H.Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3.1.2 CoherentRadiation H.Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
m 3.1.3 BendingMagnetRadiation H.Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
o
c
c. 3.1.4 SynchrotronRadiationinStorageRings H.Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
ntifi 3.1.4.1 Radiationintegrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
cie 3.1.4.2 Radiationdamping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
ds 3.1.4.3 Quantumexcitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
orl 3.1.4.4 Equilibriumbeamemittances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
w
w. 3.1.4.5 Dampingwigglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
wwnly. 3.1.4.6 Quantumlifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
ownloaded from or personal use o 3333....1111....5786 3UCFT.rron1eahd.en5eu-s.Erli1eatlinteootcnrtSPraaoyonnnnlddacLrhWDiarzoisiafgetftrirrgoosalnnceZtrRioo.RfanHadsduyRiaianaatncidtoihgionar,notPitSo.rH.onSKnc.hCWrrmia.nideuTs¨idkshaeeytomirno.agn..nbnaH..i....W....ie....d....em....a....nn.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 222222222279356
DF 3.1.9 UltrashortX-rayPulseGeneration A.Zholents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
ng 16. 3.1.10 Compton/ThomsonSources G.A.Krafft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
gineeri03/24/ 33..11..1100..12 LNuomnliinnoesairtyscdaettsecrriinpgtion. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 223366
Enon 3.1.11 “Short”MagnetandEdgeRadiation H.Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
d 6
n3 3.1.12 BeamSolid-TargetPhotonPhysics K.Ispiryan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
a2
Physics 1.213.8. 3.2 33IM..22P..21EDAIDmNepfiCenEditaSinoAcnesNCaDnadlWcPuArlaoKtpiEoernFt,iUeFsNreoCqfuTIemInOpcNeydSDano.cme.sa.iann.dR.W..L.a.kG.eluF.cuk.ns.cteti.ron.n,sS..TS....SKu.uzr.uekn.in.oy.. ... ... 222444223
ator by 9 3.2.3 ImpedanceCalculation. TimeDomain E.Gjonaj,T.Weiland. . . . . . . . . . 248
er 3.2.4 ExplicitExpressionsofImpedancesandWakeFunctions K.Y.Ng,K.Bane . . 252
el
cc 3.2.5 EffectiveImpedance T.Suzuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
A
of 3.2.6 ParasiticLoss P.Wilson,B.Zotter,Y.-H.Chin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
k 3.2.7 TrappedModes S.S.Kurennoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
o
o 3.3 PARTICLE-MATTERINTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
b
d
n 3.3.1 BasicFormulae M.Tigner,A.W.Chao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
a
H 3.3.2 BeamandLuminosityLifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

3.3.2.1 Protons N.V.Mokhov,V.I.Balbekov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
3.3.2.2 Electrons M.S.Zisman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
3.3.3 BhabhaScattering(e+e−→e+e−) J.E.Spencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
3.3.4 ComptonScattering(e±γ→e±γ) J.E.Spencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
3.3.5 LimitofFocusingofElectronBeamduetoSynchrotronRadiation K.Oide . . 277
3.3.6 ThermalOutgassingandBeamInducedDesorption V.Baglin,E.Mahner,
O.Gro¨bner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
3.3.7 PhotoemissionandSecondaryEmission V.Baglin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
3.3.7.1 Photoemission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
3.3.7.2 Secondaryemission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
3.3.8 IonizationProcesses F.Zimmermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
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