Table Of ContentHADRONS AND QUARK–GLUON PLASMA
Beforematterasweknowitemerged,theuniversewasfilledwiththeprimordial
stateofhadronicmattercalledquark–gluonplasma. Thishotsoupofquarksand
gluonsiseffectivelyaninescapableconsequenceofourcurrentknowledgeabout
the fundamental hadronic interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book
coverstheongoingsearchtoverifythepredictionexperimentallyanddiscusses
the physical properties of this novel form of matter. It provides an accessible
introduction to the recent developments in this interdisciplinary field, covering
the basics as well as more advanced material. It begins with an overview of
the subject, followed by discussion of experimental methods and results. The
secondhalfofthebookcovershadronicmatterinconfinedanddeconfinedform,
andstrangenessasasignatureofthequark–gluonphase. Afirmbackgroundin
quantummechanics,specialrelativity,andstatisticalphysicsisassumed,aswell
as some familiarity with particle and nuclear physics. However, the essential
introductoryelementsfromthesefieldsarepresentedasneeded.
This text is suitable as an introduction for graduate students, as well as pro-
viding a valuable reference for researchers already working in this and related
fields.
JEAN LETESSIER hasbeenCNRSresearcherattheUniversityofParissince
1978. PriortothatheworkedattheInstitutdePhysiqueNucleaire,Orsay,where
hewrotehisthesisonhyperon–nucleoninteractionin1970,underthedirection
of Professor R. Vinh Mau, and was a teaching assistant at the University of
Bordeaux. Since1972hehasmadenumerouscontributionstotheresearcharea
ofthermalproductionofparticlesandappliedmathematics.
JOHANN RAFELSKI obtained his Ph.D. in 1973 and has been Professor of
Physics at the University of Arizona since 1987. He teaches theoretical sub-
atomicphysicsbothatundergraduateandatgraduatelevel. Priortothis,heheld
a Chair in Theoretical Physics at the University of Cape Town, and has been
Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Frankfurt. He
hasworkedattheCERNlaboratoryinGenevainvariousfunctionssince1977,
and has been instrumental in the development of the relativistic-heavy-ion ex-
perimental program. Professor Rafelski has been a Visiting Professor at the
UniversityofParisandotherEuropeanandUSinstitutions. Heisaco-authorof
several hundred scientific publications, has edited and/or written more than ten
books,andhascontributednumerouspopularscientificarticles.
CAMBRIDGE MONOGRAPHS ON
PARTICLE PHYSICS
NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
18
GeneralEditors:T.Ericson,P.V.Landshoff
1. K.Winter(ed.):NeutrinoPhysics
2. J.F.Donoghue,E.GolowichandB.R.Holstein:DynamicsoftheStandardModel
3. E.LeaderandE.Predazzi:AnIntroductiontoGaugeTheoriesandModernParticlePhysics,
Volume1:ElectroweakInteractions,the‘NewParticles’andthePartonModel
4. E.LeaderandE.Predazzi:AnIntroductiontoGaugeTheoriesandModernParticlePhysics,
Volume2:CP-Violation,QCDandHardProcesses
5. C.Grupen:ParticleDetectors
6. H.GrosseandA.Martin:ParticlePhysicsandtheSchro¨dingerEquation
7. B.Andersson:TheLundModel
8. R.K.Ellis,W.J.StirlingandB.R.Webber:QCDandColliderPhysics
9. I.I.BigiandA.I.Sanda:CPViolation
10. A.V.ManoharandM.B.Wise:HeavyQuarkPhysics
11. R.K.Bock,H.Grote,R.Fru¨hwirthandM.Regler:DataAnalysisTechniquesfor
High-EnergyPhysics,Secondedition
12. D.Green:ThePhysicsofParticleDetectors
13. V.N.GribovandJ.Nyiri:QuantumElectrodynamics
14. K.Winter(ed.):NeutrinoPhysics,Secondedition
15. E.Leader:SpininParticlePhysics
16. J.D.Walecka:ElectronScatteringforNuclearandNucleonStructure
17. S.Narison:QCDasaTheoryofHadrons
18. J.F.LetessierandJ.Rafelski:HadronsandQuark–GluonPlasma
Inmemoryof
HelgaE.Rafelski
HADRONS
AND
–
QUARK GLUON PLASMA
JEAN LETESSIER JOHANN RAFELSKI
Universite´Paris7 UniversityofArizona
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
©Jean Letessier and Johann Rafelski 2004
First published in printed format 2002
ISBN 0-511-01944-0 eBook (netLibrary)
ISBN 0-521-38536-9 hardback
Contents
Preamble xi
I A new phase of matter? 1
1 Micro-bangandbig-bang 1
1.1 Energyandtimescales 1
1.2 Quarksandgluons 6
1.3 ThehadronicphasetransitionintheearlyUniverse 8
1.4 Entropy-conserving(isentropic)expansion 10
1.5 ThedynamicUniverse 11
1.6 Lookingforquark–gluonplasma: strangeness 14
1.7 Otherprobesofquark–gluonplasma 20
2 Hadrons 24
2.1 Baryonsandmesons 24
2.2 Strangehadrons 27
2.3 Charmandbottominhadrons 36
3 Thevacuumasaphysicalmedium 37
3.1 Confiningvacuuminstronginteractions 37
3.2 Ferromagneticvacuum 40
3.3 Chiralsymmetry 43
3.4 Phasesofstronglyinteractingmatter 46
3.5 Theexpandingfireballandphasetransformation 50
3.6 QGPandconfinedhadronic-gasphases 52
4 Statisticalpropertiesofhadronicmatter 54
4.1 Equidistributionofenergy 54
4.2 Thegrand-canonicalensemble 57
4.3 Independentquantum(quasi)particles 58
4.4 TheFermiandBosequantumgases 61
4.5 Hadrongas 64
4.6 Afirstlookatquark–gluonplasma 68
vii
viii Contents
II Experiments and analysis tools 72
5 Nucleiincollision 72
5.1 Heavy-ionresearchprograms 72
5.2 Reactionenergyandcollisiongeometry 78
5.3 Rapidity 81
5.4 Pseudorapidityandquasirapidity 85
5.5 Stagesofevolutionofdensematter 90
5.6 Approachtolocalkineticequilibrium 95
5.7 Theapproachtochemicalequilibrium 97
6 Understandingcollisiondynamics 100
6.1 Cascadesofparticles 100
6.2 Relativistichydrodynamics 104
6.3 Theevolutionofmatterandtemperature 107
6.4 Longitudinalflowofmatter 108
7 Entropyanditsrelevanceinheavy-ioncollisions 112
7.1 Entropyandtheapproachtochemicalequilibrium 112
7.2 Entropyinaglue-ball 116
7.3 Measurementofentropyinheavy-ioncollisions 120
7.4 Theentropycontentin200A-GeVS–Pbinteractions 122
7.5 Supersaturatedpiongas 124
7.6 Entropyinalongitudinallyscalingsolution 128
III Particle production 130
8 Particlespectra 130
8.1 Athermalparticlesource: afireballatrest 130
8.2 Adynamicfireball 137
8.3 Incompletestopping 144
8.4 Transverse-massfireballspectra 148
8.5 Centralitydependenceofm⊥-spectra 155
9 Highlightsofhadronproduction 159
9.1 Theproductionofstrangeness 159
9.2 Hadronabundances 165
9.3 Measurementofthesizeofadense-matterfireball 171
9.4 Productionoftransverseenergy 176
9.5 RHICresults 178
IV Hot hadronic matter 187
10 Relativisticgas 187
10.1 Relationofstatisticalandthermodynamicquantities 187
10.2 Statisticalensemblesandfireballsofhadronicmatter 191
10.3 Theidealgasrevisited 193
10.4 Therelativisticphase-spaceintegral 195
10.5 Quarkandgluonquantumgases 199
Contents ix
10.6 Entropyofclassicalandquantumgases 204
11 Hadronicgas 207
11.1 Pressureandenergydensityinahadronicresonancegas 207
11.2 Countinghadronicparticles 211
11.3 DistortionbytheCoulombforce 215
11.4 Strangenessinhadronicgas 217
11.5 Thegrand-canonicalconservationofstrangeness 219
11.6 Exactconservationofflavorquantumnumbers 223
11.7 Canonicalsuppressionofstrangenessandcharm 228
12 Hagedorngas 235
12.1 Theexperimentalhadronicmassspectrum 235
12.2 Thehadronicbootstrap 241
12.3 Hadronsoffinitesize 247
12.4 Bootstrapwithhadronsoffinitesizeandbaryonnumber 251
12.5 ThephaseboundaryintheSBMmodel 254
V QCD, hadronic structure and high temperature 258
13 Hadronicstructureandquantumchromodynamics 258
13.1 Confinedquarksinacavity 258
13.2 Confinedquarkquantumstates 262
13.3 Nonabeliangaugeinvariance 267
13.4 Gluons 271
13.5 TheLagrangianofquarksandgluons 273
14 PerturbativeQCD 274
14.1 Feynmanrules 274
14.2 Therunningcouplingconstant 277
14.3 Therenormalizationgroup 280
14.4 RunningparametersofQCD 281
15 Latticequantumchromodynamics 287
15.1 Thenumericalapproach 287
15.2 Gluonfieldsonthelattice 289
15.3 Quarksonthelattice 290
15.4 Fromactiontoresults 293
15.5 Asurveyofselectedlatticeresults 298
16 Perturbativequark–gluonplasma 303
16.1 Aninteractingquark–gluongas 303
16.2 Thequark–gluonliquid 306
16.3 Finitebaryondensity 309
16.4 Propertiesofaquark–gluonliquid 311
