Habitat Structure: The physical arrangement of objects in space

450 Pages·1991·13.34 MB·English

by  E. D. McCoy

Population and Community Biology
HABITAT STRUCTURE
Population and Community Biology Series
Principal Editor
M.B. Usher
Reader, Department ofBiology, University of York, UK
Editors
M. L. Rosenzweig
Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
Biology, University of Arizona, USA
R. L. Kitching
Professor, Department of Ecosystem Management,
University of New England, Australia
The study of both populations and communities is central to the science of
ecology. This series of books explores many facets of population biology and
the processes that determine the structure and dynamics of communities.
Although individual authors are given freedom to develop their subjects in
their own way, these books are scientifically rigorous and a quantitative
approach to analysing population and community phenomena is often used.
Titles already published
Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases
Theory and applications
Edited by R. M. Anderson
Food Webs
Stuart L. Pimm
Predation
Robert J. Taylor
The Statistics of Natural Selection
Bryan F. J. Manly
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities
P. Digby and R. Kempton
Competition
Paul A. Keddy
Stage-Structured Populations
Sampling, analysis and simulation
Bryan F. J. Manly
HABITAT STRUCTURE
The physical arrangement of
objects in space
Edited by
Susan S. Bell
Earl D. McCoy
Henry R. Mushinsky
Department of Biology
University of South Florida
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1991
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman and Hall in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Times by
Keyset Composition, Colchester
St Edmundsbury Press Ltd,
Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
ISBN 978-94-010-5363-1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in
any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission
of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which
shall be made to the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Habitat structures.
1. Organisms. Habitats
I. Bell, Susan S. II. McCoy, Earl D. III. Mushinsky,
Henry R.
574.52
ISBN 978-94-010-5363-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Habitat structure: the physical arrangement of objects in space /
edited by Susan S. Bell, Earl D. McCoy, Henry R. Mushinsky. — 1st
ed.
p. cm. — (Population and community biology series)
Based on a symposium held May 1988, University of South Florida
Chinsegut Hill Conference Center.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-94-010-5363-1 ISBN 978-94-011-3076-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3076-9
1. Habitat (Ecology)—Congresses. 2. Animal populations-
-Congresses. 3. Bio tic communities—Congresses. I. Bell, Susan S.
II. McCoy, Earl D. III. Mushinsky, Henry R. IV. Series.
QH540.H33 1990
574.5'247—dc20
90-2265
CIP
Contents
Contributors
Preface
PART ONE Patterns
1 Habitat structure: the evolution and diversification of a complex
topic 3
E. D. McCoyandS. S. Bell
1.1 'Habitat structure' in ecology 3
1.2 A graphical model of 'habitat structure' 17
2 Development of habitat structure through succession in an
Amazonian floodplain forest 28
1. Terborgh and K. Petren
2.1 Riparian primary succession in upper Amazonia:
~~~~ ~
2.2 Methods 34
2.3 Results 37
2.4 Discussion 41
2.5 Conclusions 44
3 Habitat diversity and the species-area relationship: alternative
models and tests 47
D. D. Hart and R. 1. Horwitz
3.1 Alternative models of the species-area relationship 48
3.2 Protocols for the separation of causal mechanisms 54
3.3 Conclusions 65
4 Fractal geometry of ecological habitats 69
M. H. Williamson and 1. H. Lawton
4.1 The geometry of simple fractals 69
4.2 Self-similarity and ways of estimating fractal dimensions 70
4.3 Ecological consequences of fractals 74
Contents
Vl
4.4 Size distributions 74
4.5 Range distributions 79
4.6 Abundance distributions 80
4.7 The reddened spectrum 83
4.8 Conclusions 84
5 The effect of habitat structure on the spatial distribution of
freshwater invertebrate populations 87
I. A. Downing
5.1 Zooplankton 90
5.2 Profundal benthos 93
5.3 Littoral benthic invertebrates 98
5.4 Unionid mussels in the sandy littoral zone 99
5.5 Conclusions 102
PAR T TWO Responses: colonization, succession,
resource use 107
6 Habitat structure and morphological patterns in arboreal
vertebrates 109
I.A. Pounds
6.1 Habitat structure and locomotion 111
6.2 Locomotion and morphology 116
6.3 Conclusions 117
7 Microtopography as habitat structure for mosses on rocks 120
P. Alpert
7.1 The advantage of simplicity 120
7.2 Scheme for functional analysis 122
7.3 Quantifying habitat structure 123
7.4 Correlating habitat structure and community structure 127
7.5 Correlation of habitat structure and resource availability 130
7.6 The functional link between habitat and community
structure 132
7.7 Conclusions 134
8 The effects of changes in habitat structure during succession in
terrestrial communities 141
V. K. Brown
8.1 Changes in habitat structure during succession 142
8.2 Effects of changing habitat structure on associated
organisms 150
Contents
VB
8.3 Conclusions 162
9 Influence of patch size, vegetation texture, and host plant
architecture on the diversity, abundance, and life history styles of
sap-feeding herbivores 169
R. F. Denno and G. K. Roderick
9.1 Responses of insect herbivores to vegetation
texture and architectural complexity: an overview 170
9.2 Species-area relationships for sap-feeders 172
9.3 Sap-feeder abundance and patch size 173
9.4 Abundance-area relationships explained by life-history
characteristics 175
9.5 Host plant density and vegetation diversity 177
9.6 Architectural complexity and sap-feeder richness 178
9.7 Architectural complexity, habitat persistence and
sap-feeder life histories 183
9.8 Other considerations 187
9.9 Conclusions 189
10 Habitat structure and recruitment in coral reef fishes 197
P. F. Sale
10.1 Segregation of fish species among habitats 198
10.2 Recruitment ofreeffishes 200
10.3 Habitat responses at settlement 201
10.4 Variability in recruitment 203
10.5 Habitat structure and the structure of reef fish
assemblages 204
10.6 Conclusions 206
11 Habitat structure and community dynamics in marine benthic
systems 211
K. P. Sebens
11.1 Examples from marine benthic systems 214
11.2 Processes connecting habitat structure and community
dynamics 224
PAR T THREE Responses: predation, parasitism,
disturbance 235
12 The influence of fire periodicity on habitat structure 237
H. R. Mushinsky and D. 1. Gibson
12.1 The ecology of fire 237
12.2 Effects of fire on habitat heterogeneity and plant structure 238
Contents
Vlll
12.3 Post-fire habitat structure and mechanisms of
regeneration 239
12.4 Post-fire animal responses to vegetation structure 240
12.5 Case studies 241
12.6 Conclusions 252
13 A new look at hahitat structure: consequences of herbivore-
modified plant architecture 260
S. Mopper, 1. Maschinski, N. Cobb and T. G. Whitham
13.1 How herbivores influence plant architecture 261
13.2 Consequences for plants of architecture modified as a
result of herbivory 265
13.3 Consequences for herbivores of architecture modified as a
result of herbivory 269
13.4 Herbivore-modified architecture and the evolution of
m
~~fu~
13.5 Conclusions 276
14 Habitat structure and predator-prey interactions in vegetated
aquatic systems 281
K. L. Heck, Jr and L. B. Crowder
14.1 Vegetation properties 282
14.2 Individual prey and predator characteristics 286
14.3 Food web interactions in complex aquatic habitats 288
14.4 Marine-freshwatercomparisons 293
14.5 Conclusions 295
15 The influence of habitat structure on the transmission of
parasites 300
W. P. Sousa and E. D. Grosholz
15.1 Habitat structure: the parasite's perspective 301
15.2 Modes of parasite transmission 302
15.3 Influence of habitat structure on transmission: some
examples 309
15.4 Conclusions 318
16 Habitat structure and spider foraging 325
G. W. Uetz
16.1 Relationships between spiders and habitat structure 325
16.2 Spider diversity and habitat structure 327
16.3 The influence of habitat structure at the species,
population, and individual level 333
16.4 Current research on spider behaviour and habitat
structure 337
Contents IX
16.5 Conclusions 341
17 The inftuence of habitat structure and environmental stability on
the species diversity of polychaetes in vermetid reefs 349
U. N. Safriel and M. N. Ben-Eliahu
17.1 Habitat structure, environmental stability and species
diversity 349
17.2 Exploring the effect of structure and disturbance on
diversity 351
17.3 An example: polychaete communities in vermetid reefs 353
17.4 Role of disturbance: Nereididae subset of the polychaete
assemblage 356
17.5 Discussion 363
P ART FOUR Applications 371
18 Habitat structure and the design of nature reserves 373
M. B. Usher
18.1 Species-area relationships, syntaxa, habitats and shape 374
18.2 An example: limestone pavements in Yorkshire 377
18.3 Discussion 387
18.4 Conclusions 390
19 The ecology and structure of urban greenspaces 392
E. L. Goldstein-Golding
19.1 Urban landscapes and agricultural landscapes 392
19.2 Origins and structure of urban greenspaces 393
19.3 Urban greenspaces as 'edge' communities 397
19.4 Two approaches to urban ecology 398
19.5 Conclusions 406
20 Habitat structure and the design of artificial reefs 412
f. A. Bohnsack
20.1 Methods 413
20.2 Results 414
20.3 Discussion and conclusions 422
21 Habitat structure: synthesis and perspectives 427
E. D. McCoy, S. S. BeliandH. R. Mushinsky
Species index 431
Subject index 434
Contributors
Peter Alpert: Botany Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts, USA
Susan S. Bell: Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa,
Florida, USA
M. N. Ben-Eliahu: Department of Zoology, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
James A. Bohnsack: Miami Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, Florida, USA
Valerie K. Brown: Imperial College at Silwood Park, University of London,
Ascot, Berks, UK
Neil S. Cobb: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona
University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
Larry B. Crowder: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State Universi
ty, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Robert F. Denno: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland, USA
John A. Downing: Departement de Sciences Biologiques, Universite de
Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
David 1. Gibson: Department of Biology, University of West Florida,
Pensacola, Florida. USA
Edward L. Goldstein-Golding: University Without Walls, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Edwin D. Grosholz: Department of Zoology, University of California.
Berkeley, California. USA
David D. Hart: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
USA
Kenneth L. Heck, Jr: Marine Environmental Science Consortium, Universi
ty of South Alabama, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
Richard J. Horwitz: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylva
nia, USA