habitat management guidelines for amphibians and reptiles of the

170 Pages·2012·20.88 MB·English

HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
FOR AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE
MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES
Technical Publication HMG-1
PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION
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The authors are pleased to acknowledge the generous support of the USDA Forest Service (East-
ern Region), the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the USDI National Park Ser-
vice. Their contributions were vital to the development of this and other PARC regional habitat
management guides. We also thank the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service (Northeast Region), State
Wildlife Agencies, and all other contributors, both for their generous support to PARC, and their
commitment to amphibian and reptile conservation.
Needs to updating, confirmation and ranking.
Front cover image is a composite constructed by Mark Raithel and Cliff White, Missouri Depart-
ment of Conservation, using photographs taken by Jeff Briggler , Missouri Department of Conser-
vation, depicting the Eastern Hellbender in its native stream habitat.
Back cover by XXXXX.
ii WWW.PARCPLACE.ORG
HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS AND
REPTILES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES
Technical Publication HMG-1, 2nd Edition ISBN 0-9667402-8-9 © 2011 by Partners in
Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (PARC).
PURPOSE AND INTENDED USE
Printed in the United States of America
OF THIS DOCUMENT Suggested citation: Kingsbury, B.A. and J. Gibson.
(editors). 2011. Habitat Management Guidelines
The(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:16) for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwestern
United States. Partners in Amphibian and Reptile
(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86) series (hereafter Guidelines) is
Conservation Technical Publication HMG-1, 2nd
intended to provide private landowners, state and
Edition. 00 pp.
federal land agencies, and other wwformation
and specific management guidelines presented
are based on best available science, peer-reviewed
expert opinion, and published literature.
The “Maximizing Compatibility” and “Ideal” man-
agement guidelines are recommendations made
and reviewed by groups of professionally trained
herpetologists and wildlife biologists from private,
state, and federal organizations. Because of the n
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taxonomic and ecological diversity of amphibians b
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and reptiles, recommendations may not apply to ott
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every species in every situation. The authors and S
Common Gartersnakes are one of the more ubiquitous species of the
editors of the Guidelines suggest consulting a local Midwest and can be found in most habitat types. They are harmless
and amphibians comprise a large portion of their diet. In many regions,
herpetologist before significant land-use changes the absence of gartersnakes is a sign of severe habitat deterioration.
are implemented. These Guidelines are not legally
binding, regulatory, or in any way an attempt to
Additional copies may be obtained through PARC.
limit landowner rights. They can be regarded
Visit www.parcplace.org for more information
simply as recommendations from the Partners
about placing orders. Donations to PARC help
in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (PARC)
defray the costs of development, printing and pub-
community for landowners and managers to con-
lication, postage, and handling, and can be made by
sider the needs of amphibians and reptiles in the
check, credit card, or money order.
course of their land management activities.
Amphibian and reptile populations are declining in
the United States and will continue to do so as long
as human populations and associated developments
expand. Applying the general management prin-
ciples in these Guidelines across the landscape will
promote conservation of amphibians and reptiles
by helping to:
• keep common species common,
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• stem the decline of imperiled species, an
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• guide the restoration of amphibian and reptile Gra
habitats while benefiting many other wildlife ke
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species, and As their name implies Mud Salamanders live in muddy environments,
such as the edges of floodplain forests, small streams and springs,
• reduce the likelihood that additional species
bogs, and swamps. Despite their bright coloration they are rarely
will be added to endangered species lists. observed as they spend much of their time buried in mud. Within the
Midwest Mud Salamanders are found only in southern Ohio.
HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES iii
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Natural seasonal wetlands are embedded within larger habitats, such as forests (top) and grasslands (bottom). The combination of seasonal wetlands
used as breeding sites and surrounding upland habitat is needed for the persistence of Ringed (top inset) and Eastern Tiger Salamanders (lower inset).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Intended Use of this Document .......ii Seasonal (Ephemeral) Wetlands .........................44
Preface ..................................................................vi Permanent Wetlands: Lakes, Ponds, Reserviors
and Marshes ........................................................55
Introduction ...........................................................1
Wet Meadows, Bogs, and Fens .........................64
How to Use These Guidelines ........................2
Small Streams, Springs, and Seeps ....................70
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwest ......5
Rivers and Large Streams ..................................75
Natural History of Amphibian and Reptiles ..5
Hardwood Forests ..............................................81
Ecoregions of the Midwest ...........................12
Coniferous Forests ..............................................88
Habitats Important to Amphibians and ............
Reptiles ..........................................................12 Woodlands and Savanna ....................................94
Conservation Challenges .....................................14 Grasslands and Prairies ....................................101
Habitat Loss, Alteration and Fragmentation .... Caves and Karst ................................................108
.......................................................................15
Rock Outcrops, Glades, and Talus ..................113
Landscape Scale and Connectivity ...............16
Agricultural Lands ............................................118
Impacts of Roads and Trails .........................17
Urban and Residential Areas ...........................125
Exploitation ...................................................20
Appendix A. Developing a Management Plan .......
Fire Suppression / Prescribed Fire ................25 ....................................................................131
Herbicides, Insecticides, and Fertilizers .......26 Appendix B. Amphibian and Reptile Species of
the Midwest ......................................................133
Use of Mechanical Techniques for Vegetation
Control ...........................................................28 Appendix C. Conservation Programs and Sources
of Information ...................................................139
Invasive Exotic Species ................................29
Appendix D. Recommended Reading and Online
Subsidized Predators .....................................30 Resources ..........................................................144
The Basics: Management Guidelines for All Habi- Appendix E. Disinfection Guidelines for Individu-
tat Types ..............................................................32 als Working in Freshwater Habitats ................153
Management Guidelines for Specific Habitat Acknowledgements and Credits ......................159
Type .....................................................................42
Embedded Habitats .......................................42
HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES v
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A healthy hardwood forest scene. Hardwood forests once covered much of the eastern portion of the Midwestern landscape. However, clearing for agri-
culture and development has greatly reduced the acreage of hardwood forest remaining. The Hoosier National Forest and surrounding undeveloped
lands, including the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area shown above, represent the largest continuous tract of forest in Indiana. Such areas represent
important strongholds for species that require larger tracts of continuous forested habitat, such as the Timber Rattlesnake.
PREFACE
A PARC objective is to increase communication
and cooperation among many diverse groups that
have a common interest in amphibians, reptiles,
and their habitats. The diversity of partners makes
PARC the most comprehensive conservation
effort ever undertaken for these two groups of
wildlife. Through documents such as this, PARC
provides individuals, agencies, industries, and
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organizations ideas for conserving and manag- gl
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ing amphibian and reptile habitats. At the core of eff Bri
PARC is the philosophy that we all must work J
Box turtle populations across much of the Midwestern United States are
together; there is no “us versus them,” it is all threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, collection,
and in some areas high nest predation. Two species and one sub-
“us.” species of box turtle are found in the Midwest. The Eastern Box Turtle,
and the Three-toed Box Turtle (a sub-species; shown above) primarily
inhabit areas of deciduous forest in the eastern and central regions of
the Midwest. The Ornate Box Turtle is found in the grassland ecore-
This book is part of a five-volume series cover-
gions extending into the western areas of the Midwest.
ing the United States, including Alaska, and parts
graphic area and is largely based on ecoregions.
of Canada. Each volume covers a regional, geo-
The Midwest volume was written with the expec-
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PREFACE
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Bird-voiced Treefrogs have a limited distribution in the PARC Midwest
region, occurring only in southern Illinois in the Interior Low Plateau
and Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions. The species is aptly
named in reference to their breeding call which has been described as
a repetitive bird-like whistle.
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Once thought to have inhabited most large streams within their range,
hellbenders have experienced considerable population declines and
are now one of the most threatened herpetofaunal species within the
Midwest. Water pollution and sedimentation, and the impoundment of
water courses have contributed to these declines.
tations that many readers will not read the book
in its entirety. Consequently, some redundancy
among sections was required to ensure that key
points were captured for their benefit to those
who may not read the document in its entirety.
Development of the PARC Habitat Management
Guidelines series began shortly following the
organization of PARC in 1999. The initial PARC
Habitat Management Technical Working Group
consisted of Kurt Buhlmann, Erin Clark, Robert
Fisher, Whit Gibbons, Randy Gray, John Jensen,
Bruce Kingsbury, Laura Mazanti, Joe Mitch- n
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ell, Earl Possardt, Klaus Richter, and Monica Gib
Schwalbach. This group conceptualized the need ott
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for Habitat Management Guidelines (HMGs) as
Lead writers, organizers and editors for this book were Bruce A.
a PARC product and agreed that at least five Kingsbury and Joanna Gibson. Kingsbury is Professor and Chair of
Biology at Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne and Director of the
regional documents would be needed for the Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management.
Gibson is a member of the technical staff of the Center for Reptile and
United States, including the Midwest, Southeast,
Amphibian Conservation and Management. Copying and distribution
Northeast, Southwest, and Northwest. Kurt Buhl- of this document is encouraged, but please provide credit to the origi-
nal sources of information. Photo contributors retain copyright owner-
ship of their imagery/photographs.
HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES vii
PREFACE
mann, Joe Mitchell, and Whit Gibbons drafted a This publication is the product of extensive efforts of
model document using the Savannah River Site many people and contains the contributions of many
in South Carolina as “the region.” The Technical individuals from academic, private, government, and
Working Group, chaired by Monica Schwalbach, industrial backgrounds. Please see the Acknowledge-
organized a workshop in Chicago that was held ments section at the back of this book for greater
in February 2001. At that meeting, 85 individuals details about those who have helped with text, photos,
representing the five regions worked for three days on and production of these guidelines. Lead writers,
concepts, habitats, and early drafts of the documents organizers and editors for this book were Bruce A.
for each region. Following that meeting, the Habitat Kingsbury and Joanna Gibson. Kingsbury is Profes-
Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles sor and Chair of Biology at Indiana-Purdue University
of the Midwest was the first HMG to be completed, Fort Wayne and Director of the Center for Reptile and
appearing in print in 2002. The Southeast HMG, then Amphibian Conservation and Management. Gibson is
the Northeast HMG, followed in 2006. In 2008, the a member of the technical staff of the Center for Rep-
Northwest HMG went to press, and the HMG you tile and Amphibian Conservation and Management.
have in hand is a revision of the original Midwest
HMG, expanded in scope and content, and made Copying and distribution of this document is encour-
consistent in form to the HMG series. Soon to come aged, but please provide credit to the original sources
will be the last of the originally conceived series, the of information. Contributors retain copyright owner-
Southwest HMG. Some of the introductory sections ship of their photographs.
of this revised document were extracted or developed
To learn more about PARC, please visit our web site
from more recently published Guidelines with the
at: http://www.parcplace.org.
express permission of the lead authors.
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As the name implies, the shell of the Spiny Softshell is covered by soft and smooth leathery skin, instead of the hard carapace typical of other turtles.
These highly aquatic turtles are primarily residents of rivers, but also occupy other larger permanent aquatic habitats such as lakes and reservoirs. They
do best in clean water where natural sandbars provide basking and nesting areas. Spiny Softshells and other species of riverine turtle will benefit from
the protection of nesting sites.
INTRODUCTION
Amphibian and reptile populations are declining This HMG provides guidance to property owners
in North America, and will continue to do so as and land managers of the Midwest as they strive to
human populations and associated development address amphibian and reptile population declines
expand. We need to do what we can to halt, or and management needs. The Midwest region of
even reverse, these declines, and that will require PARC is defined as Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
habitat conservation and proper habitat mainte- Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
nance. To complicate things, despite their diver- Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. As
amphibians and reptiles do not recognize admin-
sity and perceived abundance, amphibians and
istrative boundaries, and population distributions
reptiles have only recently received consideration
align more naturally to ecoregions, land manag-
in many wildlife management programs. Their
ers in southern Canada and states surrounding the
ecological importance has become better recog-
Midwest may also find these guidelines applicable
nized as management objectives have begun to
to their needs.
focus on non-game species, biodiversity conser-
vation, landscape-level ecology, and the role of
The habitat management guidelines included in
all plants and animals in ecosystems.
this document are collaboratively derived and
HABITAT MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES 1
INTRODUCTION
are simply recommendations from the PARC
community for landowners and managers as they
consider the needs of amphibians and reptiles in
the course of their land management activities.
PARC’s goal was to use the best science available
to produce habitat management and conservation
guidelines that are easily understood and practical for
landowners and managers to integrate with other man-
agement objectives on the landscape. The guidelines
are meant to be general enough that applications can
be adapted for the location or habitat of interest. We
do not describe the needs of every species of amphib-
ian and reptile in this document. Instead, we provide
guidelines for managing habitats in ways that have
general positive benefits for the associated amphib-
ians and reptiles, as well as a variety of other wildlife.
Habitat conservation is preventative maintenance. If
enough landowners and land managers implement
even some of the guidelines outlined in this document,
n the collective effort will not only benefit amphibians
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a and reptiles via habitat protection, but may also dimin-
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endangered species lists. Landowners and land man-
agers may thus benefit by avoiding potential impacts
from regulation.
HOW TO USE THESE GUIDELINES
We recognize that landowners and land managers
have multiple goals and objectives for managing their
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for landowners and land managers who wish
to contribute to the conservation of these ani-
mals while primarily managing their land for
er other uses, such as timber production, hunting,
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Be recreation, grazing, development, agriculture,
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Instilling a love of nature at an early age can help children grow to be
excellent ambassadors for the environment.
(cid:179)(cid:44)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:180) guidelines are for landowners and
land managers desiring to make amphibian
scientifically based, using published information
and reptile conservation a primary objective,
on amphibians and reptiles of the Midwestern
as might be desired on nature preserves, wild-
United States, as well as the extensive experi-
life refuges, and private lands whose owners
ences of concerned biologists/scientists. These
wish to optimize herpetofaunal diversity and
guidelines are not regulations, nor are they in any
abundance.
way an attempt to limit landowner rights. They
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