Gut Microbiome in Neurological Health and Disorders

315 Pages·2022·6.123 MB·English

by  Amit Kumar Tripathi, Malini Kotak

Nutritional Neurosciences
Amit Kumar Tripathi
Malini Kotak Editors
Gut Microbiome
in Neurological
Health and
Disorders
Nutritional Neurosciences
SeriesEditor
MohamedEssa,SultanQaboosUniversity,Qaboos,Oman
This book series aims to publish volumes focusing on both basic and clinical
researchinthefieldofnutritionalneurosciencewithafocusondelineatingtheeffect
of nutrition on brain function and behavior. The books will examine the role of
different nutrients, food agents and supplements (both macro and micro) on brain
health,neurodevelopment,neurochemistry,andbehaviour.Thebookswillexamine
the influence of diet, including phytochemicals, antioxidants, dietary supplements,
food additives, and other nutrients on the physiology and metabolism of neurons,
neurotransmittersandtheirreceptors,cognition,behavior,andhormonalregulations.
Thebookswillalsocover theinfluenceofnutrients anddietarysupplements on
the management of neurological disorders. It details the mechanism of action of
phytonutrientsonsignalingpathwayslinkedwithproteinfolding,aggregation,and
neuroinflammation. The books published in the series will be useful for neurosci-
entists, nutritionists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and those interested in preventive
medicine.
(cid:129)
Amit Kumar Tripathi Malini Kotak
Editors
Gut Microbiome
in Neurological Health
and Disorders
Editors
AmitKumarTripathi MaliniKotak
ClinicalResearchDivision,Schoolof PersonalCareDivision–HealthandHygiene
BasicandAppliedScience ITCLifeSciencesandTechnologyCentre
GalgotiasUniversity Bangalore,Karnataka,India
GreaterNoida,UttarPradesh,India
ISSN2730-6712 ISSN2730-6720 (electronic)
NutritionalNeurosciences
ISBN978-981-19-4529-8 ISBN978-981-19-4530-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4530-4
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PteLtd.2022
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Preface
In 2006, neuroscientist Jane Foster and her team were working with two groups
ofmice:onewithahealthygutmicrobiome,andtheotherthatlackedamicrobiome.
They observed that the mice without gut bacteria seemed less anxious than their
healthyequivalents.Whenthesemicewereplacedinamazewithsomeopenpaths
andsomewalled-inones,theypreferredtheexposedpaths.Theyconcludedthatthe
gut bacteria influence the brain and behaviour of these mice. When she tried to
publishthisfinding,itwasrejectedmultipletimesaspeoplethoughtthatthiswasan
artefact.Eventually,after3yearsand7submissions,herfindingswerepublished.
In recent years, however, the gut-brain axis has been established and numerous
publicationsoverthepastdecadehaverevealedthatthegutmicrobiomecouldhave
profound effects on the brain and might be involved in neurological disorders.
Animal and preliminary human studies suggest that microbiome can trigger or
alter the course of neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease and Autism.
Several therapies that modulate the gut microbiome have been reported to have
shownpromisingresultsandfewofthesetherapiesarealreadybeingtestedinhuman
clinicaltrials.
The interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), gut microbiome, and
centralnervoussystem(CNS)iscomplexandbidirectional,forexample,ahealthy
gutenvironmentwithdiversemicroorganismsensuresnormalfunctioningofbrain,
whereastheCNSmodulatesmostaspectsofGITfunctioningandphysiology.Asa
result, theterm microbiota-gut-brainaxis (MGBA) wascoined tostress theimpor-
tance of these interactions. The interactions between MGBA occur by means of
neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral links. This book provides an overview of
bidirectional communication between gut-microbiome-brain, various pathways,
nutrients, metabolites, etc. involved in MGBA interactions, relevance of this axis
incontextofneurologicaldisordersandpotentialtherapeuticinterventions,involv-
inggutmicrobiomeorpro/pre-biotic,whichcanameliorateneurologicaldisorders.
Briefly,wehaveintroducedmicrobiota-gut-brainaxis,itsinteractionwithimmu-
nity and various metabolites. We have also discussed neurological disorders with
focusonneurodegenerativediseasesandcerebrovasculardiseases.Wealsoprovide
v
vi Preface
anoverviewofpotentialmicrobiome-basedtherapeuticsinterventionsforneurolog-
ical disorders. Lastly,consideringthat microbiomeisan evolving subjectandwith
an aim of continuous education process of students and researchers, this book
provides a detailed understanding of methodologies which can be instrumental in
studyingmicrobiome.Thetextreflectsthecurrentstateofevidenceavailableinthe
field of gut microbiome in context of neural health and disease and presents some
novelfindingsincludingreportsonSARS-CoV-2andCOVID-19.
GreaterNoida,India AmitKumarTripathi
Bangalore,India MaliniKotak
Contents
1 GutMicrobiomeBrainAxis:AnIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SantoshAnand,SunilKumarMishra,andJayamSamlin
2 CrossTalkBetweenGutMicrobiotaandHostImmuneCells. . . . . 7
AnkitVerma,AwakashSoni,andPriyaGupta
3 Microbiota–Gut–BrainAxisandNeurodegenerativeDisorder. . . . 27
AwakashSoni,AnkitVerma,andPriyaGupta
4 GutMicrobiotaRegulationofCerebralStroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
KaushlendraKumar,HemaKumari,andAmitKumarTripathi
5 Aging:ImpactofGutMicrobiota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SantoshAnand,RanojiRaoNarasingaRaoLakshmikanth,
KannasandraRamaiahManjula,
DoddhakathanahalliRamanathJayashree,andTekupalliRavikiran
6 GutMicrobiomeRegulationofAppetiteandRole
inNeurologicalDisorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
AnkitaSingh,OmPrakashVerma,andRajavashisthTripathi
7 HumanDiets,GutMicrobiome,andNeuroinflammation. . . . . . . . 107
JyotiSingh,ZoyaKhan,andTripathiRajavashisth
8 DietaryFattyAcids,GutMicrobiome,andGut–Brain
Communication:ACurrentPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
SantoshAnand,S.K.Sukrutha,B.R.Shilpa,andA.Nagarathna
9 RoleofShort-ChainFattyAcidsfromGutMicrobiotain
NeuroendocrinePathogenesisManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
NehaSahu,PrabhatUpadhyay,andSunilKumarMishra
vii
viii Contents
10 PotentialRoleofProbioticsonGutMicrobiotainNeurological
Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
JovelVargheseJoseandS.Aliya
11 ReversalofMetabolicDisorderThroughtheRestoration
ofGutMicrobiota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
PrabhatUpadhyay,DiyaKalra,SarikaGupta,
andSunilKumarMishra
12 GutMicrobiomeandDiet:PromisingApproachforTreatment
ofCognitiveImpairment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AwakashSoni,PriyaGupta,andAnkitVerma
13 Nanoplastics,GutMicrobiota,andNeurodegeneration. . . . . . . . . . 211
AnanyaRai
14 GutMicrobiome,COVID-19,andNeurologicalImpairment. . . . . . 235
RichaDas,RiyaSingh,andAmitKumarTripathi
15 ToolstoStudyGutMicrobiome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
K.S.Sreevatshan,VeenaG.Nair,C.S.Srinandan,andGaneshBabu
MalliMohan
16 Germ-freeMiceTechnology:OpportunityforFutureResearch. . . 271
AshishJainandAnandMaurya
17 GutMicrobiomeandNeurodegeneration:ABioinformatics
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
SwetanshuandPratichiSingh
About the Editors
Amit Kumar Tripathi isworking asAssistantProfessor, Clinical Research Divi-
sion, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater Noida,
India.Hehasdonehis Doctoral Research atCSIR-CentralDrugResearchInstitute
and was awarded by Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. His doctoral and post-doctoral
researchwasfocusedonthemolecularmechanismtounderstandcerebralstrokeand
cancer. He has several years of research experience on animal models of various
neurologicaldisorders.Hehaspublishedhisresearchworkinvariouspeer-reviewed
international journals, books, and chapters. He is involved in teaching various
coursessuchasRecombinantDNATechnology,Nanotechnology,MolecularTher-
apeutics, Microbial Technology, Animal Biotechnology, Yellow Biotechnology at
Bachelor,andMasterofScienceinSchoolofBasicandAppliedScience,Galgotias
University. He has been awarded several national and international awards for his
contributiontoresearchinhealthanddisease.
MaliniKotak isanAssociateScientistintheHealthandHygienesegmentatITC
Ltd., India’s leading fast moving consumer goods company. During her doctoral
training at the University of Texas at Arlington and post-doctoral training at ITC
Ltd.,shehasextensivelyworkedongut,hand,skin,andvaginalmicrobiomeandits
association with human health and disease. She has more than 10 years of work
experienceinindustryandacademiaandhasdonecutting-edgeresearchinfieldslike
biotherapeutics, microbiome, precision medicine, genomics, and cancer biology.
Shehaspublishedseveralresearchpapersinreputedjournals,bookchapter,andis
arecipientofseveralresearchfellowshipsinIndiaandabroad.Hercurrentresearch
involves the development of novel products which are of relevance in health and
hygieneindustry.
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