Table Of ContentMohammad Zaman · Shabbir A. Shahid
Lee Heng
Guideline for Salinity
Assessment, Mitigation
and Adaptation Using
Nuclear and Related
Techniques
Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation
and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related
Techniques
(cid:129)
Mohammad Zaman Shabbir A. Shahid
Lee Heng
Guideline for Salinity
Assessment, Mitigation
and Adaptation Using
Nuclear and Related
Techniques
MohammadZaman ShabbirA.Shahid
SoilandWaterManagement&Crop SeniorSalinityManagementExpert,Freelancer
NutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEA Dubai,UAE
DivisionofNuclearTechniquesin
FoodandAgriculture,Department
ofNuclearSciences&Applications
InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
(IAEA)
Vienna,Austria
LeeHeng
SoilandWaterManagement&Crop
NutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEA
DivisionofNuclearTechniquesin
FoodandAgriculture,Department
ofNuclearSciences&Applications
InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
(IAEA)
Vienna,Austria
IIGGOO
ISBN978-3-319-96189-7 ISBN978-3-319-96190-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
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Salt-tolerantgrassgrowingundersalinecondition
Foreword
Soil salinity is a major global issue owing to its adverse impact on agricultural
productivityandsustainability.Salinityproblemsoccurunderallclimaticconditions
and can result from both natural and human-induced actions. Generally speaking,
salinesoilsoccurinaridandsemi-aridregionswhererainfallisinsufficienttomeet
thewaterrequirementsofthecrops,andleachmineralsaltsoutoftheroot-zone.The
association between humans and salinity has existed for centuries and historical
records show that many civilizations have failed due to increases in the salinity of
agricultural fields, the most known example being Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Soil
salinityunderminestheresourcebasebydecreasingsoilqualityandcanoccurdueto
natural causes or from misuse and mismanagement to an extent which jeopardizes
theintegrityofsoil’sself-regulatorycapacity.
Soil salinity is dynamic and spreading globally in over 100 countries; no conti-
nent is completely free from salinity. Soil salinization is projected to increase in
futureclimatechangescenariosduetosealevelriseandimpactoncoastalareas,and
the rise in temperature that will inevitably lead to increase evaporation and further
salinization. There is a long list of countries where salt-induced land degradation
occurs.Somewell-knownregionswheresalinizationisextensivelyreportedinclude
the Aral Sea Basin (Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya River Basins) in Central Asia, the
Indo-GangeticBasininIndia,theIndusBasininPakistan,theYellowRiverBasinin
China,theEuphratesBasininSyriaandIraq,theMurray-DarlingBasininAustralia,
andtheSanJoaquinValleyintheUnitedStates.
The objective of this guideline is to develop protocols for salinity and sodicity
assessment, and the role of isotopic nuclear and related techniques to develop
mitigation and adaptation measures to use saline and sodic soils sustainably. We
havefocusedonimportantissuesrelatedtosalinityandsodicityandhavedescribed
these in an easy and user friendly way. The information has been compiled from
latest published literature and from authors’ publications specific to the subject
matter. This guideline is an outcome of a joint publication between the Soil and
WaterManagement&CropNutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEADivisionofNuclear
TechniquesinFoodandAgriculture,InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA),
vii
viii Foreword
Vienna, Austria, and a freelance senior salinity management expert based in the
UnitedArabEmirates.
We hope that this guideline will be an excellent contribution to the science and
enhancetheknowledgeofthoseseekinginformationtoassessanddiagnosesalinity
problem at the landscape and farm levels and the role of nuclear and isotopic
techniquesindevelopingstrategiestousethesemarginalsoilssustainably.
SoilandWaterManagement&Crop MohammadZaman
NutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEA
DivisionofNuclearTechniquesin
FoodandAgriculture
DepartmentofNuclear
Sciences&Applications
InternationalAtomicEnergy
Agency(IAEA)
Vienna,Austria
SeniorSalinityManagementExpert, ShabbirA.Shahid
Freelancer,Dubai,UAE
SoilandWaterManagement&Crop LeeHeng
NutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEA
DivisionofNuclearTechniquesin
FoodandAgriculture
DepartmentofNuclear
Sciences&Applications
InternationalAtomicEnergy
Agency(IAEA)
Vienna,Austria
Acknowledgements
WearethankfultoProf.Pharis,R.P.,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,University
of Calgary, Canada, and Dr. Shazia Zaman, University of Canterbury, for their
critical review, feedback and editorial comments in the preparation of this book.
We also thank Ms. Marlies Zaczek of the Soil and Water Management & Crop
NutritionSection,JointFAO/IAEADivision,InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
(IAEA), Vienna, Austria, for her help in formatting this document and Ms. Petra
Nabil Salame, PMO of Asia and the Pacific Section 2, Division for Asia and the
PacificDepartmentofTechnicalCooperationforherfinancialsupport.
ix
Contents
1 IntroductiontoSoilSalinity,SodicityandDiagnosticsTechniques. . . 1
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 WhatIsSoilSalinity?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 CausesofSoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 SalinityDevelopmentinSoils–AHypotheticalCycle. . . . . . . . . . 9
4 TypesofSoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 DrylandSoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 SecondarySoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 DamageCausedbySoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 FactsAboutSalinityandHowItAffectsPlantGrowth. . . . . . . . . . 11
7 VisualIndicatorsofSoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8 FieldAssessmentofSoilSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9 SoilSodicityandItsDiagnostics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1 VisualIndicatorsofSoilSodicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2 FieldTestingofSoilSodicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.3 LaboratoryAssessmentofSoilSodicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10 SodicityandSoilStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10.1 NegativeEffectsofSurfaceSealing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10.2 PositiveEffectsofSurfaceSealing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11 ClassificationofSalt-AffectedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.1 USSalinityLaboratoryStaffClassification. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.2 FAO/UNESCOClassification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12 SocioeconomicImpactsofSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
13 EnvironmentalImpactsofSalinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
14 SoilSalinityMonitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
15 SoilSamplingFrequencyandZone. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 21
16 CurrentApproachesofSalinityDiagnostics–Assessment,Mapping
andMonitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
16.1 SalinityAssessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
16.2 ModernMethodsofSoilSalinityMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . 24
xi
xii Contents
16.3 UseofRemoteSensing(RS)andGeographicalInformation
System(GIS)inSalinityMappingandMonitoring. . . . . . .. 32
16.4 GlobalUseofRemoteSensinginSalinityMappingand
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
16.5 Geo-Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
16.6 MorphologicalMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2 SoilSalinity:HistoricalPerspectivesandaWorldOverviewofthe
Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 SoilSalinity–AHistoricalandContemporaryPerspective. . . . . . . 45
3 AnOverviewofSalinityProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 DistributionofSalinityinDrylandsinDifferentContinentsofthe
World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5 IrrigationPracticesandSoilSalinization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6 RegionalOverviewofSalinityProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7 ExtentofSoilSalinityintheMiddleEast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8 SocioeconomicAspectsofSoilSalinization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 SalinityandSodicityAdaptationandMitigationOptions. . . . . . . . . 55
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2 MitigationandAdaptationOptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 DiagnosticsoftheSoilSalinityProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 IntegratedSoilReclamationProgram(ISRP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 ObjectivesofSalinityReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 PrerequisiteforSoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 PhysicalMethodsofSoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4 ChemicalMethodsofSoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.5 HydrologicalMethodsofSoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 DrainageandDrainageSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 AgriculturalDrainageSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6 SalinityControlandMethodsofIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.1 SurfaceIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 76
6.2 BasinIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.3 FurrowIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4 BorderIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.5 SprinklerIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.6 DripIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7 BiologicalMethodsofSoilReclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.1 UseofOrganicAmendments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.2 BiosalineAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3 ScreeningMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8 SerialBiologicalConcentration(SBC)Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
