Guided Wave Optical Components and Devices: Basics, Technology, and Applications (Optics and Photonics)

467 Pages·2005·32.64 MB·English

by  Bishnu P. Pal

Guided Wave Optical Components and Devices
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Guided Wave
Optical Components
and Devices
Basics, Technology, and
Applications
Edited by
Bishnu P. Pal
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
ELSEVIER
ACADEMIC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pal, Bishnu P., 1948-
Guided wave optical components and devices / Bishnu Pal.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-12-088481-X (alk. paper)
1. Optoelectronic devices. 2. Integrated optics. 3. Optical wave guides. I. Title.
TK8304.P35 2005 621.36'92-dc22
2005012672
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 13:978-0-12-088481-0
ISBN 10: 0-12-088481-X
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pursuits and above all for their continued affection and support
Bishnu Pal
Editor
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Contents
3. MANUFACTURE OF POFS 28
Preface xiii 3.1. Preform and Drawing Method 28
Contributors xvii 3.2. Extrusion Method 30
4. COMPARISON BETWEEN SILICA FIBER
AND POLYMER FIBER 30
CHAPTER 1 4.1. Difference in Diameters 30
4.2. Minimum Bend Radius 31
Optical Fibers for Broadband Lightwave
4.3. Numerical Aperture 31
Communication:
4.4. Fiber Bandwidth 31
Evolutionary Trends in Designs 5. APPLICATIONS OF POFs 31
B. P. Pal
5.1. Communication 32
1
5.2. Illumination 36
6. POLYMER FIBER GRATINGS 36
1. INTRODUCTION 1
7. SEGMENTED CLADDING POF 37
2. OPTICAL TRANSPARENCY 2
8. DYE-DOPED POLYMER FIBER
2.1. Loss Spectrum 2
AMPLIFIER 39
2.2. Dispersion Spectrum 3
9. CONCLUSIONS 39
2.3. Dispersion Shifted Fibers 8
10. REFERENCES 40
3. EMERGENCE OF FIBER AMPLIFIERS
AND DWDM SYSTEMS 9
3.1. EDFAs 9
3.2. DWDM 10 CHAPTER 3
3.3. Fibers for DWDM Transmission 10
3.4. Dispersion Compensating Fibers 12 Microstructured Optical Fibers
T. M. Monro
3.5. Reverse/Inverse Dispersion Fibers 17
4. FIBERS FOR METRO NETWORKS 18 41
5. COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION
1. FIBERS WITH MICRON-SCALE
MULTIPLEXING 21
STRUCTURE 41
6. COMBATING PMD IN A FIBER 21
2. OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL
7. CONCLUSION 22
PROPERTIES 43
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22
2.1. Introduction 43
9. REFERENCES 22
2.2. Nonlinearity Tailoring 44
2.3. Dispersion 45
2.4. Polarization 45
CHAPTER 2 2.5. Air-Light Overlap 46
3. FABRICATION APPROACHES 46
Recent Development of a Polymer Optical Fiber and
3.1. Preform Fabrication 46
its Applications
3.2. Fiber Drawing 48
P. L. Chu
3.3. State-of-the-Art 48
27
4. FIBER DESIGN METHODOLOGIES 49
1. INTRODUCTION 27 4.1. Effective Index Methods 49
2. TYPES OF POFs 27 4.2. Structural Methods 49
2.1. PMMA Fiber 27 4.3. Predicting Confinement Loss 51
2.2. Deuterated PMMA POF 27 4.4. Summary 51
2.3. Perfluorinated POF 27 5. SILICA HFS 51
vii
viii Contents
5.1. Small-Core Fibers for Nonlinear CHAPTER 6
Devices 51
Some Important Nonlinear Effects in
5.2. Large-Mode Area Fibers for High Power
Optical Fibers
Applications 54
K. Thyagarajan and A. Ghatak
5.3. Active Fibers 55
91
6. SOFT GLASS FIBERS 58
6.1. Background 58 1. INTRODUCTION 91
6.2. Extreme Nonlinearity 58 2. NONLINEAR POLARIZATION 91
6.3. New Transmission Fibers 59 3. THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR
6.4. Solid Microstructured Fibers 60 EFFECTS 91
7. PBGFs 61 3.1. SPM 92
8. CONCLUSION AND THE 3.2. Propagation of a Pulse 93
FUTURE 63 3.3. Spectral Broadening due to SPM 94
9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 64 3.4. XPM 95
10. REFERENCES 64 3.5. FWM 98
4. CONCLUSIONS 100
5. REFERENCES 100
CHAPTER 4
Photonic Bandgap-Guided Bragg Fibers CHAPTER 7
S. Dasgupta, B. P. Pal and M. R. Shenoy
Fiber Optic Parametric Amplifiers for Lightwave
71
Systems
1. INTRODUCTION 71 F. Yaman, Q. Lin and G. P. Agrawal
2. BRAGG FIBERS 72 101
2.1. Bandgap in One-Dimensional Periodic
1. INTRODUCTION 101
Medium 72
2. THEORY OF FWM 101
2.2. Light Propagation in Bragg Fibers 75
3. SINGLE-PUMP PARAMETRIC
2.3. Modal Characteristics 76
AMPLIFIERS 103
3. DISPERSION COMPENSATING BRAGG
4. DUAL PUMP PARAMETRIC
FIBER 78
AMPLIFIERS 107
4. BRAGG FIBERS FOR METRO
5. FLUCTUATIONS OF ZDWL 109
NETWORKS 79
6. EFFECT OF RESIDUAL FIBER
5. FABRICATION 80
BIREFRINGENCE 111
6. CONCLUSION 81
7. SUMMARY 114
7. REFERENCES 81
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 114
9. REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 8
Radial Effective Index Method for the Analysis of Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers
Microstructured Fibers K. Thyagarajan
K. S. Chiang and V. Rastogi 119
83
1. INTRODUCTION 119
1. INTRODUCTION 83 2. EDFA 119
2. THE REIM 84 3. POPULATION INVERSION AND
2.1. Formulation of the Method 84 OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION 120
2.2. Determination of the Effective Index 4. OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION IN
Profile 84 EDFAs 121
3. SEGMENTED CLADDING 5. GAIN FLATTENING OF EDFAs 124
FIBER 85 5.1. Gain Flattening Using External
4. HOLEY FIBER 87 Filters 124
5. CONCLUSION 88 5.2. Intrinsically Flat Gain Spectrum 125
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 89 6. NOISE IN AMPLIFIERS 126
7. REFERENCES 89 7. EDFAs for the S-Band 128
Contents ix
8. CONCLUSIONS 129 3.5. Application Example 3" Channel
9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 129 Reconfiguration 166
10. REFERENCES 129 3.6. Application Example 4: Analytic
Solution for the Gain Clamping
Problem 167
9
CHAPTER 3.7. Conclusion 169
Fiber Optic Raman Amplifiers 4. TRANSIENT THULIUM-DOPED FIBER
G. P. Agrawal AMPLIFIER 169
131 4.1. Introduction 169
4.2. Average Inversion Analysis of TDFA
1. INTRODUCTION 131
Transient: Comparison with
2. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 131
Experiment 169
2.1. Raman Gain Spectrum 132
4.3. Conclusion 171
2.2. Simple Theory 134
5. CONCLUSION 171
2.3. Gain Saturation 135
6. REFERENCES 171
3. MODERN RAMAN AMPLIFIERS 136
3.1. Broadband Raman Amplifiers 136
3.2. Design of Raman Amplifiers 137
CHAPTER 1 1
4. PERFORMANCE LIMITING
FACTORS 138 Analog/Digital Transmission with High-Power
4.1. Spontaneous Raman Scattering 138 Fiber Amplifiers
4.2. Effective Noise Figure 140 P. Dua, K. Lu, N. K. Dutta and J. Jaques
4.3. Rayleigh Backscattering 142 173
4.4. Pump-Noise Transfer 143
1. INTRODUCTION 173
4.5. Effects of PMD 145
2. EXPERIMENT 173
5. AMPLIFICATION OF OPTICAL
2.1. Analog Transmission 173
PULSES 147
2.2. Hybrid Digital/Analog
5.1. Pulse-Propagation Equations 147
Transmission 176
5.2. Effects of Group-Velocity
2.3. Gain Tilt Measurement of the Er/Yb
Mismatch 148
5.3. Anomalous Dispersion Regime 149 Co-Doped DCFA 177
3. RESULTS 178
5.4. Normal Dispersion Regime 150
6. REFERENCES 151 4. REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER 1 0 CHAPTER 1 2
Application of Numerical Analysis Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers for Dynamic Optical
Techniques for the Optimization of Networks
Wideband Amplifier Performances A. Srivastava and Y. Sun
N. Park, P. Kim, H. Lee and J. Park 181
155
1. INTRODUCTION 181
1. FOREWORD 155 2. EDFAS FOR HIGH CAPACITY
2. POWER EFFICIENCY: L-BAND NETWORKS 181
EDFA 155 2.1. Basic Characteristics of EDFAs 182
2.1. Introduction 155 2.2. System Issues 185
2.2. Pump Wavelength Detuning 156 2.3. Dynamic Network Related
2.3. Fiber Structural Detuning 157 Issues 186
2.4. Conclusion 160 3. EDFAS FOR DYNAMIC
3. GAIN ENGINEERING: RAMAN NETWORKS 187
AMPLIFIER 160 3.1. Gain Dynamics of Single
3.1. Introduction 160 EDFA 187
3.2. Implementation of the Closed Form 3.2. Fast Power Transients in EDFA
Raman Equation 160 Chains 190
3.3. Application Example 1" Gain 3.3. System Impairments due to
Prediction 162 Transients 192
3.4. Application Example 2: Raman Gain 3.4. Channel Protection Schemes 195
EngineeringmThe Inverse Scattering 4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 200
Problem 163 5. REFERENCES 201