Table Of ContentGuide to Energy Management
Eighth Edition
International Version
i
ii
Guide to Energy Management
Eighth Edition
International Version
by Barney L. Capehart, Ph.D., CEM
William J. Kennedy, Ph.D., PE
Wayne C. Turner, Ph.D. PE, CEM
I~
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River Publishers
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Published 2020 by River Publishers
River Publishers
Alsbjergvej 10, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
Distributed exclusively by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Capehart, B. L. (Barney L.) | Turner, Wayne C., 1942- | Kennedy,
William J., 1938-
Title: Guide to energy management / by Barney L. Capehart, Ph.D., CEM,
William J. Kennedy, Ph.D., PE, Wayne C. Turner, Ph.D. PE, CEM.
Description: Eighth edition, International version. | Lilburn, GA : The
Fairmont Press, Inc., [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016008203 (print) | LCCN 2016008646 (ebook) | ISBN
0881737739 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9788770223324 (electronic) | ISBN
9781498779883 (Taylor & Francis distribution : alk. paper) | ISBN
0881737763 ()
Subjects: LCSH: Energy conservation--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Energy
consumption--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TJ163.3 .C37 2016 (print) | LCC TJ163.3 (ebook) | DDC
621.042--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016008203
Guide to energy management by Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner,
William J. Kennedy--Eighth Edition--International Version
First published by Fairmont Press in 2016.
©2016 River Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission of the publishers.
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
0-88173-776-3 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
9781498779883 (print)
9788770223324 (online)
9781003152002 (ebook master)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and
editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
iv
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction to Energy Management 1
1.0 Energy Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Need for Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Energy Basics for Energy Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Designing an Energy Management Program . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Starting an Energy Management Program . . . . . . . . . . .21
1.5 Management of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Energy Accounting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Chapter 2
The Energy Audit Process: An Overview 61
2.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
2.1 Phase One—Preparing for an Energy Audit . . . . . . . . . .6 2
2.2 Phase Two—The Facility Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3 Implementing the Audit Recommendations . . . . . . . . . .8 1
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Chapter 3
Understanding Energy Bills 87
3.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
3.1 Electric Rate Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 8
3.3 Fuel Oil and Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4 Steam and Chilled Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.5 Water and Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.6 Monthly Energy Bill Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.7 Actions to Reduce Electric Utility Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.8 Utility Incentives and Rebates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.9 Electric Utility Competition and Deregulation . . . . . . . . 129
3.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter 4
Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Costing 135
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.2 Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
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4.4 Economic Analysis Using the Time Value
of Money: Discounted Cash Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.5 Discounted Cash Flows: Basics and Single Sum Analyses . 142
4.6 Discounted Cash Flows: Uniform Series . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.7 A Cost Analysis Methodology
Using Discounted Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.8 Cost Effectiveness Measures Using
Discounted Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.9 Life Cycle Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.10 LCC Decision Making Among Multiple Alternatives . . . . 155
4.11 Taxes and Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.12 Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.13 Energy Financing Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.14 Life Cycle Costing software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.15 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter 5
Electrical Distribution Systems 177
5.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.1 Basic Electrical Systems in Our Buildings and Facilities. . . 177
5.2 Some Basic Electrical System Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3 Voltages in AC Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.4 Phases and Frequencies in AC Power Systems . . . . . . . . 180
5.5 Single Phase AC Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.6 Three-phase AC Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.7 Three-phase Grounded Wye System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.8 Basic Relationships of Voltage Current and Resistance . . . 183
5.9 Electrical Power for DC and Pure Resistive AC Loads. . . . 183
5.10 Ohm’s Law for Power for DC and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Pure Resistive AC Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.11 Power in General AC Circuits and Systems. . . . . . . . . . 184
5.12 Power in Single Phase AC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.13 Power in Three-phase AC Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.14 Reactive Power and Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
(or Cos Phi) in AC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.15 Power Factor or Cos Phi Correction Capacitors . . . . . . . 188
5.16 The Facility Monthly Electric Load Factor . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.17 The Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Chapter 6
Lighting 199
6.0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
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6.1 Components of the Lighting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.2 Determining Lighting Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3 Maintaining the Lighting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.4 The Lighting Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.5 Regulatory/Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.6 Identifying Potential EMOs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.7 Lighting Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.8 New Technologies and Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Chapter 7
Electric Motors and Drives 275
7.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.1 Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.2 AC Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.3 Power Input to AC Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
7.4 Motor Nameplate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.5 Savings from Installing More Efficient Motors . . . . . . . . 287
7.6 Rewinding Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.7 Motor Drives to Reduce Motor Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.8 Using Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7.9 Centrifugal Fan and Pump Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.10 Using MotorMaster+ for Motor Systems Management . . . 295
7.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Chapter 8
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 299
8.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
8.1 How an HVAC System Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.2 Production of Hot and Cold Fluids for HVAC Systems . . . 308
8.3 Power, Energy and Air-Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
8.4 HVAC System Performance Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
8.5 Comparing the Three HVAC Performance Measures . . . . 316
8.6 Energy Efficiency Ratings for
HVAC System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.7 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Loads . . . . . . . . . . . 319
8.8 Sensible and Latent Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.10 Improving t0he Operation of the HVAC System . . . . . . . 337
8.11 Heat Pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.12 Thermal Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
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Chapter 9
Understanding and Managing Boilers 347
9.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.1 How boilers work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.2 Boiler components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
9.3 Boiler controls and gauges (from Reference 2). . . . . . . . . 353
9.4 Boiler Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
9.5 The heat balance for boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
9.6 Boiler efficiency improvements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Chapter 10
Steam Distribution Systems 369
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.2 Steam Distribution System Components . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.3 Tracer lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
10.4 Waste Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
10.5 Improving the Hot Water Distribution System . . . . . . . . 389
10.6 Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Chapter 11
Control Systems and Computers 397
11.0 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
11.1 Why Controls Are Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
11.2 Types of Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11.3 Computer Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
11.3.1 Blast 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
11.3.2 DOE-2.1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
11.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Chapter 12
Energy Systems Maintenance 417
12.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
12.1 Overview of a Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Improvement Maintenance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
12.2 Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
12.3 Monitoring Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
12.4 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
12.5 Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
12.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
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Chapter 13
Insulation 443
13.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
13.1 Insulation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
13.2 Insulation Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
13.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Chapter 14
Compressed Air Systems, and Process Energy Management 467
14.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
14.2 Compressed Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
14.3 Steps For Process Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
14.4 Examples of Process Energy Improvements . . . . . . . . . 479
14.5 Twenty-Five. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Common Energy Management Opportunities . . . . . . . . 492
Chapter 15
Renewable Energy Sources and Water Management 505
15.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
15.1 Global Renewable Energy Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
15.2 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
15.3 Solar-Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
15.4 Incorporating Solar Features
into Building Design—An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
15.5 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
15.6 Biomass and Refuse-Derived Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
15.7 Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Chapter 16
Distributed Generation 539
16.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
16.1 The Economics of Distributed Generation . . . . . . . . . . 539
16.2 The Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
16.3 Analyzing Your Own Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
for Possible DG Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
16.4 A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
16.5 Case Study Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Chapter 17
Web-Based Building Automation Controls and
Energy Information Systems 567
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
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