Guid to Electrical Power Distribution Systems

275 Pages·2004·4.756 MB·English

by  Anthony J. Pansini

Guide to
Electrical Power
Distribution Systems
Sixth Edition
i
Tree of Electricity
Transmission and Distribution
PDL: Primary distribution lines, ✭ indicates location of transformer stations.
ii
Guide to
Electrical Power
Distribution Systems
Sixth Edition
Anthony J. Pansini, EE, PE
Life Fellow IEEE, Sr. Member ASTM
THE FAIRMONT PRESS, INC.
iii
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pansini, Anthony J.
Guide to electrical power distribution systems/Anthony J. Pansini.--6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN: 0-88173-505-1 (print) — 0-88173-506-X (electronic)
1. Electric power distribution. 2. Electric power transmission. I. Title.
[TK3001.P284 2005]
621.319--dc22
2004056257
Guide to electrical power distribution systems, sixth edition/Anthony J. Pansini
©2005 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
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Distributed by Marcel Dekker/CRC Press
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Printed in the United States of America
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0-8493-3666-X (Dekker/CRC Press)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,
authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
iv
To my superiors, associates,
colleagues, and subordinates,
from whom—along the way—
I learned much
v
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................................ix
Chapter
1. The Transmission and Distribution System....................................1
2. Conductor Supports ..............................................................................
3. Insulators and Conductors...................................................................
4. Line Equipment......................................................................................
5. Overhead Construction.........................................................................
6. Underground Construction..................................................................
7. Service Factors........................................................................................
8. Substations...............................................................................................
9. Distribution Circuits, Cogeneration and Distributed Generation
10. Essentials of Electricity
Appendix A. Insulation: Porcelain vs. Polymer.........................................
Appendix B. Street Lighting, Constant Current Circuitry.......................
Appendix C. The Grid Coordinate System,
Tying Maps to Computers.....................................................
Appendix D. United States and Metric Relationships..............................
Index.....................................................................................................................
vii
Figure P-1. Simplified schematic diagram of transition from regulated
to deregulated supply systems.
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Preface to the
Sixth Edition
This edition continues the practice of updating its contents to re-
flect changes affecting electric distribution systems. It continues its origi-
nal role of providing information in a non or semi technical manner to
persons working on such systems enabling them to perform their duties
in an enlightened way. This contributes not only to a greater quality of
production, but more importantly, with greater safety to themselves and
the general public, the consumers they serve.
While the effects of deregulation have been more pronounced on
the generation and transmission components of the supply chain, it has
also had an impact on the distribution system with its cogeneration and
distributed generation features.
Improvement in materials and methods continue to contribute to
the economic and environmental betterment enjoyed by consumers.
Predominant among these include the gradual replacement of heavier
porcelain insulators with polymer (plastic) ones, the employment of
insulated bucket vehicles making climbing with the use of spikes a lost
art. Improvements in “solid” type insulation in cables, and more effi-
cient machinery for placing them underground. Thus narrowing the
economic differences between overhead and underground installations.
The distribution system is the most visible part of the supply chain,
and as such the most exposed to the critical observation of its users. It
is, in many cases, the largest investment, maintenance and operation
expense, and the object of interest to government, financial agencies, and
“watch dog” associations of concerned citizens. As such, the desirability
of knowing how and why it is so constituted becomes obvious.
Distribution systems have also been affected by deregulation, al-
though not in the same manner as transmission systems, Figure P-1
(opposite). Where additional transmission or generation was not avail-
able or too great an expense to supply some additional loads, Distrib-
uted Generation made its entry on Distribution Systems. Here, small
generating units usually powered by small gas turbines (although other
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