GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services

327 Pages·2009·8.05 MB·English

by  Jörg Eberspächer

GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
Third Edition
GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services Third Edition J . E be rs pä c he r, H . -J . Vöge l, C . B e tts te tte r a nd C . Ha rtma nn
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978- 0- 470- 03070- 7
GSM – Architecture,
Protocols and Services
Third Edition
JörgEberspächer
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,Germany
Hans-JörgVögel
BMWGroupResearch&Technology,Germany
ChristianBettstetter
UniversityofKlagenfurt,Austria
ChristianHartmann
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,Germany
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
ThisEnglishlanguageeditionfirstpublished2009
(cid:1)c 2009JohnWiley&SonsLtd
OriginallypublishedintheGermanlanguagebyB.G.TeubnerGmbHas“JörgEberspächer/Hans-Jörg
Vögel/ChristianBettstetter:GSMGlobalSystemforMobileCommunication.3.Auflage
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Eberspaecher,Joerg.
GSM,GlobalSystemforMobileCommunication.English
GSM:architecture,protocolsandservices/JoergEberspaecher... [etal.].–3rded.
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Prev.ed.:GSMswitching,services,andprotocols,2001.
ISBN978-0-470-03070-7(cloth)
1.Globalsystemformobilecommunications.I.Eberspaecher,J.(Joerg)II.Title.
TK5103.483.E24132008
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2008034404
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Theideaofunboundedcommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ThesuccessofGSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Classificationofmobilecommunicationsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 SomehistoryandstatisticsofGSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Overviewofthebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Themobileradiochannelandthecellularprinciple 9
2.1 Characteristicsofthemobileradiochannel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Separationofdirectionsandduplextransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 FrequencyDivisionDuplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 TimeDivisionDuplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Multipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1 FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.2 TimeDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.3 CodeDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.4 SpaceDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Cellularprinciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.2 Carrier-to-interferenceratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.3 Formationofclusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Trafficcapacityandtrafficengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.5 Sectorizationofcells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.6 Spatialfilteringforinterferencereduction(SFIR) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Systemarchitectureandaddressing 43
3.1 Systemarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 TheSIMconcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 Internationalmobilestationequipmentidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.2 Internationalmobilesubscriberidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.3 MobilesubscriberISDNnumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.4 Mobilestationroamingnumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
vi CONTENTS
3.3.5 Locationareaidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.6 Temporarymobilesubscriberidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.7 Otheridentifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4 Registersandsubscriberdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.1 Locationregisters(HLRandVLR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.2 Security-relatedregisters(AUCandEIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4.3 Subscriberdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5 Networkinterfacesandconfigurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.5.1 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.2 Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 Airinterface–physicallayer 57
4.1 Logicalchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1.1 Trafficchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1.2 Signalingchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.3 Example:connectionsetupforincomingcall . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1.4 Bitrates,blocklengthsandblockdistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1.5 Combinationsoflogicalchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2 Physicalchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.1 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.2 Multipleaccess,duplexingandbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2.3 Optionalfrequencyhopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3 Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.1 Frequencyandclocksynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3.2 Adaptiveframesynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4 Mappingoflogicalontophysicalchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.4.1 26-framemultiframe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.2 51-framemultiframe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.5 Radiosubsystemlinkcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5.1 Channelmeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.5.2 Transmissionpowercontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.5.3 Disconnectionduetoradiochannelfailure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.5.4 Cellselectionandoperationinpowerconservationmode . . . . . . . 89
4.6 Channelcoding,sourcecodingandspeechprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7 Sourcecodingandspeechprocessing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8 Channelcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.8.1 Externalerrorprotection:blockcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.8.2 Internalerrorprotection:convolutionalcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.8.3 Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.8.4 Mappingontotheburstplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.8.5 Improvedcodecsforspeechservices:half-ratecodec,enhanced
full-ratecodecandadaptivemulti-ratecodec . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.9 Power-upscenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
CONTENTS vii
5 Protocols 121
5.1 Protocolarchitectureplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 Protocolarchitectureoftheuserplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.1 Speechtransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.2 Transparentdatatransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.3 Nontransparentdatatransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.3 Protocolarchitectureofthesignalingplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.3.1 Overviewofthesignalingarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.3.2 Transportofuserdatainthesignalingplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.4 Signalingattheairinterface(Um) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.4.1 Layer1oftheMS-BTSinterface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.4.2 Layer2signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.4.3 Radioresourcemanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4.4 Mobilitymanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.5 Connectionmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.4.6 Structuredsignalingprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.4.7 Signalingproceduresforsupplementaryservices . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.4.8 RealizationofSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.5 SignalingattheAandAbisinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.6 Security-relatednetworkfunctions:authenticationandencryption . . . . . . 173
5.6.1 Protectionofsubscriberidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.6.2 Verificationofsubscriberidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.6.3 Generatingsecuritydata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.6.4 Encryptionofsignalingandpayloaddata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.7 Signalingattheuserinterface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6 Roamingandhandover 183
6.1 Mobileapplicationpartinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.2 Locationregistrationandlocationupdate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.3 Connectionestablishmentandtermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.3.1 RoutingcallstoMSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.3.2 CallestablishmentandcorrespondingMAPprocedures . . . . . . . . 191
6.3.3 Calltermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.3.4 MAPproceduresandroutingforshortmessages . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.4 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.4.2 Intra-MSChandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.4.3 Decisionalgorithmforhandovertiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.4.4 MAPandinter-MSChandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7 Services 211
7.1 ClassicalGSMservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.1.1 Teleservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2 PopularGSMservices:SMSandMMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.2.1 SMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.2.2 EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
viii CONTENTS
7.2.3 MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3 OverviewofGSMservicesinPhase2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.4 BearerandteleservicesofGSMPhase2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.4.1 Advancedspeechcallitems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.4.2 Newdataservicesandhigherdatarates:HSCSD,GPRSandEDGE . 220
7.5 SupplementaryservicesinGSMPhase2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.5.1 Supplementaryservicesforspeech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.5.2 Locationservice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.6 Serviceplatforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.6.1 CAMEL:GSMandINs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.6.2 Serviceplatformsontheterminalside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.7 Wirelessapplicationprotocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.7.1 Wirelessmarkuplanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.7.2 Protocolarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.7.3 Systemarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.7.4 Servicesandapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
8 ImproveddataservicesinGSM:GPRS,HSCSDandEDGE 233
8.1 GPRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.1.1 SystemarchitectureofGPRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
8.1.2 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.1.3 Sessionmanagement,mobilitymanagementandrouting . . . . . . . 238
8.1.4 Protocolarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.1.5 Signalingplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.1.6 InterworkingwithIPnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.1.7 Airinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.1.8 Authenticationandciphering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.1.9 SummaryofGPRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.2 HSCSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.2.1 Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.2.2 Airinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.2.3 HSCSDresourceallocationandcapacityissues . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.3 EDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.3.1 TheEDGEconcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.3.2 EDGEphysicallayer,modulationandcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.3.3 EDGE:effectsontheGSMsystemarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.3.4 ECSDandEGPRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.3.5 EDGEClassicandEDGECompact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
9 BeyondGSMandUMTS:4G 269
Appendices 271
A Datacommunicationandnetworking 273
A.1 Referenceconfiguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
A.2 Overviewofdatacommunication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
CONTENTS ix
A.3 Serviceselectionattransitionsbetweennetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A.4 Bitrateadaptation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A.5 Asynchronousdataservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
A.5.1 Transparenttransmissioninthemobilenetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
A.5.2 Nontransparentdatatransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
A.5.3 PADaccesstopublicpacket-switcheddatanetworks . . . . . . . . . 286
A.6 Synchronousdataservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
A.6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
A.6.2 SynchronousX.25packetdatanetworkaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
A.7 Teleservices:fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
B Aspectsofnetworkoperation 295
B.1 ObjectivesofGSMNM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
B.2 Telecommunicationmanagementnetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
B.3 TMNrealizationinGSMnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
C GSMAddresses 305
D ListofAcronyms 307
References 313
Index 317
Preface
The GSM family (GSM, GPRS, EDGE) has become one of the most successful technical
innovationsinhistory.AsofJune2008,morethan2.9billionsubscriberswereusingGSM,
correspondingtoamarketshareofmorethan81%,anditsstorycontinues,evennow,despite
the introductionand developmentof next-generationsystems such as IMT-2000 or UMTS
(3G)andevensystemsbeyond3G,dubbedIMT-Advanced.
Atthe sametime, wirelesslocalareanetworkshavesubstantiallyexpandedthe wireless
market,sometimesdrawingmarketsharefromGPRSand3G(e.g.inpublicWiFihotspots),
sometimes coexisting (e.g. in UMTS home routers used as a replacement for fixed wire
connections). However, these are used typically for low mobility applications. Mobile
communication with all of its features and stability has become increasingly important:
cellularandGSMtechnology,plus,ofcourse,lately3G,GSMssistertechnology,so-to-say.
Another impressive trend has emerged since our last edition: the permanent evolution
in thehandheldmarket,producingfancymobilephoneswithcameras,largememory,MP3
players,Emailclientsandevensatellitenavigation.Thesefeaturesenablenumerousnonvoice
ormultimediaapplications,fromwhich,ofcourse,onlyasubsetisorwillbesuccessfulon
themarket.
In this third edition, we concentrate again on the architecture, protocols and operation
of the GSM network and outline and explain the innovations introduced in recent years.
Themainnoveltiesinthisbookarethepresentationofcapacityenhancementmethodssuch
as sectorization, the application of adaptive antennas for Spatial Filtering for Interference
Reduction (SFIR) and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), a detailed introduction
to HSCSD and EDGE for higher data rates, and an update of the available GSM services,
specificallyintroducingtheMultimediaMessagingService(MMS).
We are happy to have received, over the past few years, many constructive comments,
and a lot of praise and encouragement.The book has obviouslybeen successfully used by
professionals(especiallypeoplebeginningcareersinthecellularnetworkbusiness)butalso
bystudentsincludingourownwhouseitasatextbookenhancingtheircoursematerial.
Our author team has been enlarged with the addition of Dr.Christian Hartmann, an
assistant professor at Technische Universität München,who took most of the load for this
edition.
We thankallof theinvolvedstafffromWileywhoconvincedusto preparethisupdated
versionofabookthatwillhopefullybeassuccessfuloverthenextfewyearsasinthepast.
JörgEberspächer
Hans-JörgVögel
ChristianBettstetter
ChristianHartmann
Munich