Table Of ContentGROUNDWATER
ENVIRONMENT
IN ASIAN CITIES
Concepts, Methods
and Case Studies
Edited by
SANGAM SHRESTHA
Water Engineering and Management,
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
VISHNU PRASAD PANDEY
Water Engineering and Management,
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand;
Department of Civil Engineering,
Asian Institute of Technology
and Management (AITM), Nepal
BINAYA RAJ SHIVAKOTI
Water Resources Management Team, Natural Resources
and Ecosystem Area, Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES), Japan
SHASHIDHAR THATIKONDA
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Aditya Sarkar
Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India
Anirut Ladawadee
Bureau of Groundwater Conservation and Restoration, Department of Groundwater
Resources, Thailand
Binaya Raj Shivakoti
Water Resources Management Team, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Area, Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
Bui Tran Vuong
Division of Water Resources Planning and Investigation for the South of Vietnam
(DWRPIS), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam
Domingos Pinto
Water Engineering and Management at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
Ekaterina I. Nemaltseva
Laboratory rational ground water use, Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower,
National Academy of Science, Kyrgyz Republic
Gennady M. Tolstikhin
Kyrgyz Hydrogeological Survey, State Agency on Geology and Mineral Resources of the
Kyrgyz Republic
Haryadi Tirtomihardjo
Center of Groundwater Resources and Environmental Geology (CGREG), Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), Indonesia
Heejung Kim
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic
of Korea
Jin-Yong Lee
Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Jingli Shao
School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, China
Jiurong Liu
Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, China
Kabita Karki
Department of Mines and Geology, Kathmandu, Nepal
Kang-Kun Lee
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic
of Korea
v
vi List of Contributors
Khin Kay Khaing
Department of Geography, University of Yangon, Myanmar
Le Hoai Nam
Division of Water Resources Planning and Investigation for the South of Vietnam
(DWRPIS), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam
Liya Wang
Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, China
Muhammad Basharat
International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute (IWASRI), Pakistan Water and
Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Lahore, Pakistan
Oranuj Lorphensri
Department of Groundwater Resources, Thailand
Phan Nam Long
Division of Water Resources Planning and Investigation for the South of Vietnam
(DWRPIS), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam
Qing Yang
Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, China
Qiulan Zhang
School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Rabin Malla
Center of Research for Environment, Energy and Water (CREEW), Kathmandu, Nepal
Rafael G. Litvak
Ground Water Modelling Laboratory, Kyrgyz Research Institute of Irrigation
Rong Wang
Land Subsidence Research Institute of Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering
Geology, China
Sangam Shrestha
Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
Shakir Ali
Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India
Shashank Shekhar
Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India
Shashidhar Thatikonda
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
Suman Kumar
Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India
SVN Rao
WAPCOS, Regional office, Hyderabad, India
Tussanee Nettasana
Bureau of Groundwater Conservation and Restoration, Department of Groundwater
Resources, Thailand
List of Contributors vii
Vishnu Prasad Pandey
Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand;
Department of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology and Management
(AITM), Nepal
Woo-Hyun Jeon
Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Zhiping Li
Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, China
PREFACE
Groundwater contributes to the sustainable development of many Asian cit-
ies by providing water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses and by
regulating ecosystem flows. In many Asian cities more than half the potable
water supply comes from groundwater. In some cities, groundwater abstrac-
tion for industrial use is even higher than for potable use. Industrial use in
total groundwater abstraction is 80% in Bandung and 60% in Bangkok. In
India 60% of irrigated areas are served by groundwater. In Pakistan ground-
water provides over 40% of total crop water requirements in the highly pop-
ulous province of Punjab and 70% of the farmers receive 80–100% of their
irrigation water from wells and tubewells. However, groundwater has not
always been properly managed, which often has resulted in depletion and
degradation of the resource. Much emphasis has been given to groundwater
resource development without paying careful attention to its management
despite its strategic role in sustainable development. Many cities are already
suffering from water insecurity as a result of rapid population growth and
economic development. Without proactive groundwater governance, the
detrimental effects of poor management will nullify (or even surpass) the
social gains made so far. Many cities are already suffering from water inse-
curity as a result of rapid population growth and economic development. To
maintain the advantage of groundwater as an important resource for sustain-
able development, groundwater management should be more strategic and
proactive to cope with increased demand from rapid industrialization and
urbanization including the potential impacts of climate change.
This book presents what is currently scientifically known about the
groundwater environment of certain Asian cities using the driver-pressure-
state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework. The book presents in detail
facts and figures on groundwater dependence, problems related to ground-
water overexploitation, implementation of various policy instruments and
management practices, and their results in 14 carefully selected Asian cities:
Bandung (Indonesia), Bangkok (Thailand), Beijing (China), Bishkek (Kyr-
gyzstan), Chitwan (Nepal), Delhi (India), Dili (Timor-Leste), Ho Chi Minh
City (Vietnam), Hyderabad (India), Khulna (Bangladesh), Lahore (Pakistan),
Seoul (South Korea), Tokyo (Japan), and Yangon (Myanmar).
The book will be helpful to a wide range of readers – local, regional,
and global – working directly or indirectly in the groundwater sector. It
ix
x Preface
is specifically targeted at policy makers, decision makers, researchers and
research/academic institutes, implementing agencies, and governments. The
book’s collection of maps, tables, and references will be invaluable to those
who would otherwise have to search elsewhere for basic information on the
groundwater of Asian cities.
The theoretical background of the topics discussed along with the case
studies should help readers understand the similarities and differences about
the status of groundwater development and use in each city. In addition, the
information in the book will serve as a baseline for further research such as
the mitigation of groundwater-related problems (e.g., land subsidence), im-
pact of climate change on groundwater, and the importance of groundwater
in implementing sustainable development goals in the future.
Sangam Shrestha
Vishnu Prasad Pandey
Binaya Raj Shivakoti
Shashidhar Thatikonda
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many people who
helped bring this book to fruition; to all those who provided support, talk-
ed things over, read, wrote, offered comments, allowed us to quote their
remarks, and assisted in the editing, proofreading, and design.
The writing of this book was conceived as a result of feedback from a
project entitled “Enhancing Groundwater Management Capacity in Asian
Cities through Development and Application of Groundwater Sustainability
Index in the Context of Global Change,” which was supported by a scien-
tific capacity-building project under the Asia Pacific Network (APN) for
Global Climate Change’s core capacity development program, CAPaBLE.
We would like to thank the APN for providing the financial and technical
support necessary for groundwater managers and researchers from eight cities
across Asia to collaborate in this work. The cities were Hyderabad, Bandung,
Vientiane, Yangon, Chitwan, Lahore, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City.
Our sincere thanks go to all the contributing authors. They prepared their
chapters despite their busy schedules and despite our frequent reminders. We
would also like to thank all the reviewers for their valuable feedback.
Special thanks go to Smriti Malla for her tireless efforts in communicat-
ing with the contributing authors and in compiling and formatting all the
chapters throughout the publication process.
xi
FOREWORD
In April 2013 the Asia-Pacific Network
for Global Change Research (APN)
awarded a grant to Dr Sangam Shrestha of
the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
for a scientific capacity-building project
under APN’s core capacity development
program, CAPaBLE. The title of the proj-
ect was “Enhancing Groundwater Man-
agement Capacity in Asian Cities through
Development and Application of Ground-
water Sustainability Index in the Con-
text of Global Change.” The work of the
project was accomplished in January 2015
through strong collaborative efforts that brought together key scholars
and stakeholders from an array of reputable research institutions, govern-
ment sectors, and other organizations across Asia.
Project activity focused specifically on increasing the understanding of
policy makers and other relevant stakeholders and end users in eight se-
lected cities across Asia: Hyderabad, Bandung, Vientiane, Yangon, Chitwan,
Lahore, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City. The specific aim of the activity
was to develop the capacity of cities to assess their current situation and un-
derstanding of groundwater management. More details of specific project
activity that has culminated in the writing of this book can be found by
accessing the metadata link on APN’s E-Library.1 Dr Shrestha and his team
added more cities through their strong regional network to cover various
subregions in Asia and came up with this excellent publication.
Taking this opportunity, APN would like to congratulate the dedi-
cation and collaborative efforts of the authors of the book under the
leadership of Dr Sangam Shrestha. The book will be a valuable resource
for groundwater adversaries in the scientific, decision-making, and end
user communities, particularly for understanding and assessing the state
1 Enhancing the Groundwater Management Capacity in Asian Cities through the Develop-
ment and Application of Groundwater Sustainability Index in the Context of Global Change,
APN E-Lib, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.apn-gcr.org/resources/items/show/1901
xiii
xiv Foreword
of groundwater resources in the region as well as learning from the re-
sponses practiced so far.
This book will also ensure the continuity and sustainability of APN’s
core mission, which is to support regional cooperation, strengthen interac-
tions among scientists and decision makers, and improve the scientific and
technical capabilities of countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
Dr Linda Anne Stevenson
Division Head
Communication and Scientific Affairs
APN Secretariat, Kobe, Japan
