Ground Improvement Case-Histories: Embankments with Special Reference to Consolidation and Other Physical Methods

811 Pages·2015·84.099 MB·English

by  Buddhima Indraratna, Jian Chu, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn

EMBANKMENTS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
CONSOLIDATION AND
OTHER PHYSICAL
METHODS
Ground Improvement
Case Histories
EMBANKMENTS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
CONSOLIDATION AND
OTHER PHYSICAL
METHODS
Edited by
BUDDHIMA INDRARATNA
ProfessorandResearchDirector,CentreforGeomechanics
and Railway Engineering,Facultyof Engineeringand
InformationSciences,University of Wollongong,
NSW 2522,Australia
JIAN CHU
Professorand James M. Hoover Chair in Geotechnical
Engineering, Iowa State University, USA
NanyangTechnological University, Singapore
CHOLACHAT RUJIKIATKAMJORN
AssociateProfessor,CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering, Faculty of Engineeringand Information
Sciences,University of Wollongong,
NSW 2522,Australia
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
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DEDICATION
This Book is dedicated to several thousands who lost their lives in the catastrophic
earthquake that hit Nepal on 25 April 2015 causing devastating and widespread
destruction.
Appropriate Ground Improvement will be crucial during the reconstruction of
affected regions including the surrounds of Kathmandu.
v
CONTRIBUTORS
DimiterAlexiew MarcioSouzaSoaresdeAlmeida
CivilandGeotechnicalEngineering, Professor,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,
HueskerSyntheticGmbH,Gescher, FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,
Germany Brazil
A.S.Balasubramaniam SurajDeSilva
Professor,SchoolofEngineering,Griffith MaunsellGeotechnicalServicesLimited,
University,GoldCoast,Australia HongKong
C.Bamunawita C.T.Gnanendran
FormerStudent,CentreforGeomechanics SchoolofEngineeringandInformation
andRailwayEngineering,Universityof Technology,UniversityofNewSouth
Wollongong,Australia Wales,Canberra,Australia
See-SewGue
SudipBasack
Gue&PartnersSdnBhd,Geotechnical
CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Consultants,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringand
InformationSciences,Universityof
ChanakaGunasekara
Wollongong,NewSouthWales,Australia
SMECAustraliaPtyLtd,SydneyNSW,
Australia
MyintWinBo
BullenConsultantsLtd.,Bradford,U.K. SvenHansbo
ProfessorEmeritus,ChalmersUniversityof
MounirBouassida
Technology,GothenburgandConsulting
Universite´ deTunisElManar,Ecole
Engineer,Stockholm
Nationaled’Inge´nieursdeTunisandSimpro
ConsultingBureau,Ariana,Tunis,Tunisia LassaadHazzar
SimproConsultingBureau,Ariana,Tunisia
Yuang-qiangCai
CollegeofArchitectureandCivil JeffHsi
Engineering,WenzhouUniversity, SMECAustraliaPtyLtd,SydneyNSW,
Wenzhou,China Australia
KimChan BuddhimaIndraratna
GHD,Sydney,Australia ProfessorandResearchDirector,
VictorChoa CentreforGeomechanicsand
RailwayEngineering,Facultyof
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,
EngineeringandInformationSciences,
Singapore
UniversityofWollongong,NSW,Australia
JianChu
ProfessorandJamesM.HooverChairin M.N.Islam
GeotechnicalEngineering,IowaState SchoolofEngineeringandInformation
University,USA;NanyangTechnological Technology,UniversityofNewSouth
University,Singapore Wales,Canberra,Australia
xi
xii Contributors
MasaakiKatagiri BrendanC.O’Kelly
FormerlyofNikkenSekkeiNakase DepartmentofCivil,Structuraland
GeotechnicalInstitute,Tokyo EnvironmentalEngineering,Trinity
CollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland
R.Kelly
VisitingIndustryFellow,Centrefor BoscoPoon
ExcellenceinGeotechnicalScienceand GHD,Sydney,Australia
Engineering,UniversityofNewcastleand
MarcRaithel
SeniorPrincipal,andSenior
CivilandGeotechnicalEngineering,
GeotechnicalEngineer,Coffey
Kempfert&PartnerGeotechnik,
Geotechnics,NSW
Consultants,Kassel,Wu¨rzburg,Germany
ToshiakiKosaka
CholachatRujikiatkamjorn
GeotechnicalEngineeringDepartment,
CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
DiaConsultants,Sendai,Japan
Engineering,FacultyofEngineering
andInformationSciences,University
M.D.Larisch
ofWollongong,NSW,Australia
AdjuctAssistantProf,Geotechnical
EngineeringCentre,TheUniversityof I.Sathananthan
Queensland,Brisbane,AustraliaandPrincipal, FormerStudent,CentreforGeomechanics
MLEngineering,Brisbane,Australia andRailwayEngineering,Universityof
Wollongong,Australia
PenchiLin
MAAGroupConsultingEngineers,Taiwan FirmanSiahaan
andThailand CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringand
Han-longLiu
InformationSciences,Universityof
InstituteofGeotechnicalEngineering, Wollongong,NewSouthWales,
ChongqingUniversity,China Australia
Jian-junMa S.T.Sivakumar
CollegeofArchitectureandCivil QueenslandDepartmentofTransportand
Engineering,WenzhouUniversity, MainRoads,Brisbane,Australia
Wenzhou,China
AlexandrePereiraSpotti
MariaEstherSoaresMarques Professor,FederalInstituteofEducation,
Professor,MilitaryInstituteofEngineering, ScienceandTechnologyofRioGrande
RiodeJaneiro,Brazil doNorte,Brazil
Za-ChiehMoh Yean-ChinTan
MAAGroupConsultingEngineers,Taiwan Gue&PartnersSdnBhd,Geotechnical
andThailand Consultants,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
T.Muttuvel NiponTeerachaikulpanich
SeniorGeotechnicalEngineer,Coffey ThaiMaruyamaIndustryCo.,Ltd.,
GeotechnicsPty.Ltd,NSW,Australia Bangkok,Thailand
VietNguyen MasaakiTerashi
SMECAustraliaPtyLtd,SydneyNSW, FormerlyofNikkenSekkeiNakase
Australia GeotechnicalInstitute,Tokyo
Contributors xiii
JunWang ShuwangYan
CollegeofArchitectureandCivil GeotechnicalResearchInstitute,Tianjin
Engineering,WenzhouUniversity, University,Tianjin,China
Wenzhou,China
Wan-HuanZhou
YoichiWatabe DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental
PortandAirportResearchInstitute,Japan Engineering,FacultyofScienceand
Technology,UniversityofMacau,Macau,
VasanthaWijeyakulasuriya
China
Coffey,Toronto,Ontario,Canada
PatrickWong
SeniorConsultant,CoffeyGeotechnicsPty.
Ltd,Chatswood,Australia
FOREWORD
Thereishardlyanycountryintheworldthatdoesnotencounterproblematic
soileitherduetonaturalformationorcausedbymanmadeactivitiesforland
useandconstructionatagivenlocationoratanygiventime.Moreover,with
increasingpopulationinmanycountries,itisalmostinevitablethateventhe
mostmarginallandandoftendifficultterrainsarealsoutilisedforinfrastruc-
turedevelopment.InCivilEngineeringpractice,withoutadvancedground
improvementtechniques,suchdevelopmentsoverformationsthatconsistof
highly compressible estuarine clays, dispersive and erodible soils, landfills
weak residual soils, historic landslide debris such as colluvium or highly
weatheredandfracturedrockmasswouldnotbepossible.Withmanycoun-
triesnowembracinghighspeedrail,offshorelandreclamation,deepexcava-
tionsandtunnelsamongotherconstructionchallenges,detailedreviewand
mandatory budgeting for optimal ground improvement techniques have
becomethenormineveryinfrastructureproject.
Thisseriesof3BooksonGroundImprovementCaseHistorieseditedby
ProfessorsBuddhimaIndraratna,JianChu,andCholachatRujikiatkamjorn
offer a significant expansion of the very popular previous book published
more than a decade ago. This concerted effort of three world-renowned
ground improvement experts is to be commended for an exceptionally
beneficialcontributiontogeotechnicalengineering.Thecontentsarebased
on detailed knowledge acquired through many years of painstaking field
observationsandR&Dstudiesbymanyinternationallyreputedacademics
andpractitioners.Thebalanceoftheoryandpracticeaswellasthedepthof
the subject matter of about 75 Chapters is undeniable.
Numerous advances in almost every ground improvement technique
have been made in the past decade, and these 3 books together provide
methodicallycompilednewcasehistoriesplusexpandedorrevisedChapters
fromthepreviousbookwherewarranted.Inthisseries,thefirsttwobooks
comprehensively cover the entire range of physical methods of ground
improvement while the third book is a significant contribution covering
chemical, thermal, electrokinetic and biological methods of ground
improvement, which are rapidly developing multi-disciplinary fields.
TheGroundImprovementCaseHistoriesinthisstandalonethreebook
compilation offer an outstanding package for practitioners, researchers,
academics and students, culminating in the understanding of concepts and
xv
xvi Foreword
thedeliveryofcompetitivegroundbreakingsolutionsinalmosteveryfacet
ofgroundimprovement.Undoubtedly,itisindeedtheonlycomprehensive
compilation of Ground Improvement Case Histories available today and
should be on the shelf of every geotechnical engineer.
Serge Varaksin
Conseiller Scientifique/Scientific advisor
Vice-Chairman TC-211 ISSMGE
APAGEO-ZA de Gomberville – rue Salvador Allende
78114 Magny les Hameaux – France
PREFACE
IthasbeenalmosttenyearssincethefirstbookonGroundImprovement-
Case Histories (Indraratna and Chu) was published by Elsevier. Since then
there has been a substantial number of major projects and case studies
reportedinvariouspartsoftheworldinallareasofGroundImprovement.
Ground improvement has been both a science and art, with significant
developments observed through ancient history. From the use of straw as
blended infill with soils for additional strength during the ancient Roman
civilizations, and the use of elephants for compaction of earth dams during
theearlyAsiancivilizations,themodernconceptssuchasvacuumpreload-
ingforsoftsoilconsolidationhavecomealongway.Groundimprovement
works have become increasingly challenging when problems of soft and
weak estuarine clays, highly compressible peats, offshore marine muds
and sensitive clays have to be addressed for infrastructure development.
The use of large and stiff stone columns and sand drains in the past has
nowbeenreplacedbyquickertoinstallandmoreeffectiveprefabricatedver-
tical drains, which have eliminated the need for more expensive soil
improvementmethodsandhavealsoreducedtheintensityofpilinginclay
foundations and associated costs. The selection and application of effective
consolidation and other physical techniques would also reduce the long-
term settlement including creep of deep soft soil deposits.
ThefirstBookofthisGroundImprovementSeries,Embankmentswith
Special Reference to Consolidation and Other Physical Methods, is divided
into 2 major themes:
1. Preloading, Vertical Drains and Vacuum Application (15 Chapters)
2. Sand and Gravel Piles, Stone Columns and Other Rigid Inclusions
(11 Chapters)
This Book contains a collection of specialised chapters written by invited
expertsfrombothacademiaandpracticeinvariousareasofgroundimprove-
ment,illustratingthebasicconceptsandtheapplicationsofdifferentground
improvement techniques via real-life projects. Case histories from many
countries ranging from Asia, America, Australia and Europe are addressed
insightfully and in detail. As a whole, different soils or ground materials
are discussed by about 50 authors and co-authors including slurry, soft
clays,sands,tailingsandwastematerials.Variousgroundimprovementtech-
niquesthatseektoenhancetheengineeringpropertiesofsoiltoachievethe
xvii