Table Of ContentCOMPACTION,
GROUTING, AND
GEOSYNTHETICS
Ground Improvement
Case Histories
COMPACTION,
GROUTING, AND
GEOSYNTHETICS
Edited by
BUDDHIMA INDRARATNA
ProfessorandResearchDirector,CentreforGeomechanics
and Railway Engineering,Facultyof Engineeringand
InformationSciences,University of Wollongong,
NSW 2522,Australia
JIAN CHU
Professorand James M. Hoover Chair in Geotechnical
Engineering, Iowa State University, USA
NanyangTechnological University, Singapore
CHOLACHAT RUJIKIATKAMJORN
AssociateProfessor,CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering, Faculty of Engineeringand Information
Sciences,University of Wollongong,
NSW 2522,Australia
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
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DEDICATION
This Book is dedicated to several thousands who lost their lives in the catastrophic
earthquake that hit Nepal on 25 April 2015 causing devastating and widespread
destruction.
Appropriate Ground Improvement will be crucial during the reconstruction of
affected regions including the surrounds of Kathmandu.
v
CONTRIBUTORS
HabibZeinAlAbideen YasserEl-Mossallamy
MinistryofMunicipalandRuralAffairs, AinShamsUniversity,Cairo,Egyptand
Riyadh,KingdomofSaudiArabia ARCADISConsultants,Darmstadt,
Germany
S.Artidteang
AsianInstituteofTechnology,Bangkok, DimchoEvststiev
Thailand BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Sofia,
Bulgaria
ArulArulrajah
SwinburneUniversityofTechnology, BengtH.Fellenius
Melbourne,Australia ConsultingEngineer,Sidney,British
Columbia,Canada
UpulD.Atukorala
GolderAssociatesLtd.,Vancouver,B.C., C.T.Gnanendran
Canada SchoolofEngineeringandInformation
Technology,UniversityofNewSouth
D.T.Bergado
Wales,Canberra,Australia
InstituteofLowlandandMarineResearch,
SagaUniversity,Saga,Japan RobertGolaszewski
PenrithLakesandDevelopment
MyintWinBo
Corporation,Ltd.,Penrith,Australia
DSTConsultingEngineersInc.,Thunder
Bay,Canada BabakHamidi
GeotechnicalSpecialistContractor,GFWA
J.-L.Briaud
(formerlyMenard),Perth,Australia
ZachryDepartmentofCivilEngineering,
TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation, AnaHeitor
Texas CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringand
Jose´ Camapum-de-Carvalho
InformationSciences,Universityof
UniversityofBrasilia,Brasilia,Brazil
Wollongong,Wollongong,Australia
S.Chaiyaput
SuksunHorpibulsuk
AsianInstituteofTechnology,Bangkok,
SwinburneUniversityofTechnology,
Thailand
Melbourne,Australia,andSuranaree
VictorChoa UniversityofTechnology,Nakhon
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity, Ratchasima,Thailand
Singapore
JeffHsi
LilianR.deRezende SMECAustraliaPtyLtd,Australia
FederalUniversityofGoias,Goiania,
BuddhimaIndraratna
Brazil
CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
MahdiMiriDisfani Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringand
TheUniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne, InformationSciences,Universityof
Australia Wollongong,Wollongong,Australia
xi
xii Contributors
MarkB.Jaksa SanjayNimbalkar
SchoolofCivil,EnvironmentalandMining CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering,TheUniversityofAdelaide, Engineering,UniversityofWollongong,
Adelaide,Australia WollongongCity,Australia
IanJefferson EnnioM.Palmeira
UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham, UniversityofBrasilia,Brasilia,Brazil
UK
PaulusP.Rahardjo
DonchoKarastanev ParahyanganCatholicUniversity,Bandung,
BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Sofia, Indonesia
Bulgaria
MarcRaithel
Hans-GeorgKempfert Kempfert&PartnerGeotechnique
InstituteofGeotechnique,Universityof Consultants,Kassel,Wu¨rzburg,Germany
Kassel,Germany
V.R.Raju
EngChoyLee KellerFoundations(SEAsia)PteLtd,
InfraTechPtyLtd,Perth,Australia Singapore
K.W.Leong KirraleeRankine
KellerFoundations(SEAsia)Private GolderAssociates,Brisbane,Australia
Limited,Singapore
RuddRankine
C.F.Leung PDREngineers,Cairns,Australia
CentreforSoftGroundEngineering,
ChrisRogers
NationalUniversityofSingapore,
UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,
Singapore
UK
KaiwenLiu
R.KerryRowe
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Queen’s
GeotechnicalandGeoenvironmental
University,Kingston,Ontario
Engineering,andGeoEngineeringCentreat
S.R.Lo Queen’s-RMC,DepartmentofCivil
UniversityofNewSouthWalesatADFA, Engineering,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,
Canberra,Australia Ontario,Canada
JamesMartin CholachatRujikiatkamjorn
SMECAustraliaPtyLtd,Australia CentreforGeomechanicsandRailway
Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringand
K.RainerMassarsch
InformationSciences,Universityof
GeoRisk&VibrationAB,Bromma,
Wollongong,Wollongong,Australia
Sweden
D.Saez
BernieMills
ZachryDepartmentofCivilEngineering,
Stantec,Edmonton,Alberta
TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,
HanyElNaggar Texas
DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,
BrendanT.Scott
NovaScotia
SchoolofCivil,EnvironmentalandMining
NathanNarendranathan Engineering,TheUniversityofAdelaide,
InfraTechPtyLtd,Perth,Australia Adelaide,Australia
Contributors xiii
NagaratnamSivakugan SergeVaraksin
CollegeofScience,Technology& GeotechnicalSpecialist,Apageo(formerly
Engineering,JamesCookUniversity, Menard),Paris,andViceChairmanandPast
Townsville,Australia Chairman,ISSMGETC211
W.Sondermann KenjiWatanabe
KellerGrundbauGmbH,Offenbach, StructuralEngineeringDivision,
Germany RailwayTechnicalResearchInstitute,
Tokyo,Japan
ChalermpolTaechakumthorn
GeotechnicalEngineer,SEAFCOPCL, DharmaWijewickreme
Bangkok,Thailand DepartmentofCivilEngineering,
UniversityofBritishColumbia,and
T.Tanchaisawat
GolderAssociatesLtd.,Vancouver,B.C.,
FacultyofEngineering,ChiangMai
Canada
University,ChiangMai,Thailand
DavidJohnWilliams
FumioTatsuoka
GeotechnicalEngineeringCentre,The
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,
UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia
TokyoUniversityofScience,Tokyo,
Japan Tack-WengYee
TenCateGeosyntheticsAsia,Malaysia
ArunValsangkar
DepartmentofCivilEngineering, Y.W.Yee
UniversityofNewBrunswick,Fredericton, KellerFoundations(SEAsia)Private
NewBrunswick,Canada Limited,Singapore
FOREWORD
Thereishardlyanycountryintheworldthatdoesnotencounterproblematic
soileitherduetonaturalformationorcausedbymanmadeactivitiesforland
useandconstructionatagivenlocationoratanygiventime.Moreover,with
increasingpopulationinmanycountries,itisalmostinevitablethateventhe
most marginal land and often difficult terrains are also utilisedfor infrastruc-
ture development. In Civil Engineering practice, without advanced ground
improvement techniques, such developments over formations that consist
of highly compressible estuarine clays, dispersive and erodible soils, landfills
weak residual soils, historic landslide debris such as colluvium or highly
weatheredandfracturedrockmasswouldnotbepossible.Withmanycoun-
triesnowembracinghighspeedrail,offshorelandreclamation,deepexcava-
tions and tunnels among other construction challenges, detailed review and
mandatory budgeting for optimal ground improvement techniques have
become the norm in every infrastructure project.
Thisseriesof3BooksonGroundImprovementCaseHistorieseditedby
ProfessorsBuddhimaIndraratna,JianChu,andCholachatRujikiatkamjorn
offer a significant expansion of the very popular previous book published
more than a decade ago. This concerted effort of three world-renowned
groundimprovementexpertsistobecommendedforanexceptionallyben-
eficialcontributiontogeotechnicalengineering.Thecontentsarebasedon
detailedknowledgeacquiredthroughmanyyearsofpainstakingfieldobser-
vations and R & D studies by many internationally reputed academics and
practitioners.Thebalanceoftheoryandpracticeaswellasthedepthofthe
subject matter of about 75 Chapters is undeniable.
Numerous advances in almost every ground improvement technique
have been made in the past decade, and these 3 books together provide
methodicallycompilednewcasehistoriesplusexpandedorrevisedChapters
fromthepreviousbookwherewarranted.Inthisseries,thefirsttwobooks
comprehensively cover the entire range of physical methods of ground
improvement while the third book is a significant contribution covering
chemical, thermal, electrokinetic and biological methods of ground
improvement, which are rapidly developing multi-disciplinary fields.
TheGroundImprovementCaseHistoriesinthisstandalonethreebook
compilation offer an outstanding package for practitioners, researchers,
academics and students, culminating in the understanding of concepts and
xv
xvi Foreword
thedeliveryofcompetitivegroundbreakingsolutionsinalmosteveryfacet
ofgroundimprovement.Undoubtedly,itisindeedtheonlycomprehensive
compilation of Ground Improvement Case Histories available today and
should be on the shelf of every geotechnical engineer.
Serge Varaksin
Conseiller Scientifique/Scientific advisor
Vice-Chairman TC-211 ISSMGE
APAGEO-ZA de Gomberville – rue Salvador Allende
78114 Magny les Hameaux – France
PREFACE
IthasbeenalmosttenyearssincethefirstbookonGroundImprovement-
Case Histories (Indraratna and Chu) was published by Elsevier. Since then
there has been a substantial number of major projects and case studies
reportedinvariouspartsoftheworldinallareasofGroundImprovement.
Ground improvement has been both a science and art, with significant
developments observed through ancient history. From the use of straw as
blended infill with soils for additional strength during the ancient Roman
civilizations, and the use of elephants for compaction of earth dams during
the early Asian civilizations, the modern concepts of reinforced earth and
deformation control with high tensile geosynthetics, challenging offshore
foundation stabilisation and anchoring, high pressure grouting and intelli-
gentdynamiccompactionhavecomealongway.Theselectionandappli-
cationofthemostappropriategroundimprovementtechniquesimprovethe
designandperformanceoffoundationsandearthstructures,includingdams
and embankments, while saving costs of construction and maintenance.
These ground improvement techniques have become challenging when
problematic soils such as collapsible and erodible soils, waste materials, as
well as marginal land have to be accommodated for infrastructure
development.
The second book of this Ground Improvement Series, Compaction,
Grouting, and Geosynthetics is divided into 2 major themes:
1. Physical Modification including Compaction, Grouting, and Drainage
(14 Chapters)
2. Geosynthetics and Other Inclusions (12 Chapters)
Itcontainsacollectionofspecialisedchaptersfrominvitedexpertsfromboth
academiaandpracticeinvariousareasofphysicalformsofgroundimprove-
ment,illustratingthebasicconceptsandtheapplicationsofdifferentground
improvement techniques via real-life projects. Case histories from many
countries ranging from Asia, America, Australia and Europe are addressed
insightfully and in detail. As a whole, different soils or ground materials
are discussed by about 60 authors and co-authors including slurry, soft
clays,sands,tailingsandwastematerials.Variousgroundimprovementtech-
niquesthatseektoenhancetheengineeringpropertiesofsoiltoachievethe
desiredprojectgoalsarealsopresented.Mostchaptersprovideanoverview
of the specific technology followed by applications, and in some cases,
xvii
