Table Of ContentGrid Computing
for Electromagnetics
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Grid Computing
for Electromagnetics
Luciano Tarricone
Alessandra Esposito
Artech House, Inc.
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Tarricone,Luciano.
Gridcomputingforelectromagnetics/LucianoTarricone,AlessandraEsposito.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-777-4(alk.paper)
1.Computationalgrids(Computersystems)2.Electromagnetism–Dataprocessing.
I.Esposito,Alessandra. II.Title.
QA76.9.C58T372004
004’.36—dc22
2004053827
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Tarricone,Luciano
Gridcomputingforelectromagnetics.–(ArtechHouseelectromagneticslibrary)
1. Electromagnetism 2. Computational grids (Computer systems) I. Title II. Esposito,
Alessandra
621.3’0285436
ISBN 1-58053-777-4
CoverdesignbyIgorValdman
©2004ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
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beenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinforma-
tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade-
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InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-777-4
10987654321
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
GridComputing:WhatIsIt? xiii
GridComputing:WhoIsWho? xv
GridComputing:AnOpportunityforElectromagneticsResearch xv
HowtoReadThisBook xvii
AFinalNote xviii
References xviii
CHAPTER 1
General Concepts on Grids 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ParallelandDistributedArchitectures 2
1.3 ParallelandDistributedTopologies 5
1.4 ParallelandDistributedProgramming 7
1.4.1 MessagePassing 8
1.4.2 Shared-MemoryProgramming 9
1.4.3 ConcludingRemarks:ProgrammingParadigmsand
1.4.3 ParallelArchitectures 10
1.5 PerformanceAssessment 10
1.6 WebComputing 11
1.7 ComputationalGrids 14
1.7.1 Introduction 14
1.7.2 WhatIsaGrid? 15
1.7.3 GridArchitecture 17
1.7.4 GridMiddleware 19
1.7.5 Applications 20
1.8 Conclusions 21
References 21
CHAPTER 2
Enabling Technologies and Dedicated Tools 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 EnablingTechnologies:ObjectOrientation 24
2.2.1 ObjectOrientationforSoftwareEngineering 24
2.2.2 ObjectOrientationforEnablingTechnologies 25
2.2.3 CORBA 26
v
vi Contents
2.2.4 Java 27
2.2.5 ObjectOrientationandElectromagneticSimulators 28
2.2.6 Conclusions 29
2.3 DedicatedTools:GridMiddleware 30
2.4 TheGlobusToolkit:AnOverview 30
2.5 TheGlobusToolkit:TheGlobusSecurityInfrastructure 31
2.5.1 Authorization 32
2.5.2 MutualAuthentication 33
2.5.3 SingleSignOnandDelegation 35
2.5.4 OtherServices 37
2.6 TheGlobusToolkit:TheResourceManagementPillar 38
2.7 TheGlobusToolkit:TheInformationServicesPillar 42
2.7.1 MDSDirectoryService:LightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol 43
2.7.2 MDSInformationModel 43
2.8 TheGlobusToolkit:TheDataManagementPillar 46
2.8.1 DistributedDataAccessandManagement 46
2.8.2 DatasetReplicasServices 47
2.8.3 Conclusions 48
2.9 TheGlobusToolsAPI 48
2.10 TheMPIwithGlobus 49
2.11 DedicatedTools:Economy-DrivenRMinGrids 51
2.12 Web-BasedTechnologiesandProjects 51
2.13 Grid-EnabledHTC:Condor-G 53
References 53
CHAPTER 3
Building Up a Grid 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 RecallingGlobusBasicConcepts 58
3.3 SettingUptheEnvironment 60
3.3.1 HardwareRequirements 60
3.3.2 SoftwareRequirements 60
3.3.3 SettingUptheNetwork 60
3.3.4 BeforeInstallingGlobus 61
3.4 GlobusInstallation 62
3.4.1 DownloadingthePackage 62
3.4.2 InstallingtheToolkit 63
3.5 GlobusConfiguration 64
3.5.1 Authorization 65
3.5.2 Authentication 66
3.5.3 UsingtheGlobusCA 66
3.5.4 UsingaLocalCA 68
3.6 ServicesStartUp 72
3.6.1 ResourceManagement 72
3.6.2 InformationServices 72
3.6.3 DataManagement 73
3.7 IntroducingaNewUsertotheGrid 74
Contents vii
3.7.1 ClientSide 74
3.7.2 ServerSide 74
3.8 Globus-RelevantCommandstoUsetheGrid 74
3.8.1 Authentication 75
3.8.2 ResourceManagement 75
3.8.3 InformationServices 78
3.8.4 DataManagement 80
3.9 DevelopingGrid-EnabledApplications 82
3.9.1 AnExamplewithGlobusAPI 83
3.10 MessagePassinginaGridFramework 85
3.11 SummaryandConclusions 87
References 87
CHAPTER 4
Applications: FDTD with MPI in Grid Environments 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 TheFDTDApproach:TheoreticalBackground 89
4.2.1 Yee’sAlgorithm 89
4.2.2 StabilityoftheAlgorithm 92
4.2.3 NumericalDispersion 92
4.2.4 ExcitationandAbsorbingBoundaryConditions 93
4.2.5 CPUTimeandMemoryRequirements 95
4.3 ParallelFDTD 96
4.3.1 ASimpleandPortableParallelAlgorithm 96
4.4 MigrationTowardComputationalGrids 108
4.4.1 Introduction 108
4.4.2 PracticalGuidelines 109
4.4.3 PthreadLibrariesandMPICH-G2 110
4.5 NumericalPerformance 111
4.5.1 PerformanceEvaluationofParallelDistributedFDTD 111
4.5.2 MPICH-G2PerformanceEvaluation 112
4.5.3 BenchmarkingParallelFDTDonaGrid 115
4.6 RemarkableAchievements 116
4.7 Conclusions 117
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
CHAPTER 5
CAE of Aperture-Antenna Arrays 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 NumericalTechniquesfortheAnalysisofFlange-Mounted
RectangularApertures 123
5.2.1 TheoreticalBackground 123
5.2.2 ApproachesBasedonWaveguideModes 125
5.2.3 ApproachesBasedonGegenbauer’sPolynomials 127
5.3 AToolfortheCAEofRectangularApertureAntennaArrays 128
5.3.1 EvaluationoftheHorns’ScatteringMatrix 129
viii Contents
5.3.2 EvaluationoftheApertureArray’sScatteringMatrix 130
5.3.3 EvaluationoftheScatteringMatrixatExternalPorts 132
5.3.4 EvaluationoftheRadiationPattern 134
5.4 ParallelCAEofApertureArrays 135
5.4.1 PreliminaryAnalysis 136
5.4.2 Parallelization 139
5.4.3 ResultsonMIMDSupercomputingPlatforms 142
5.5 MigrationTowardGridEnvironments 144
5.5.1 SupportingCooperativeEngineeringwithGC 145
5.6 Conclusions 150
Acknowledgments 151
References 151
CHAPTER 6
Wireless Radio Base Station Networks 153
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 FoundationsofCellularSystems 154
6.2.1 GeneralConsiderations 154
6.2.2 FrequencyReuse 155
6.2.3 CapacityandTraffic 157
6.2.4 HowaCellularSystemConnectsUsers 158
6.2.5 BSAntennas 158
6.3 KeyFactorsforCurrentandFutureWirelessCommunications 160
6.3.1 PowerControl 160
6.3.2 ManagingwithMoreandMoreUsers 161
6.3.3 SystemStandardizationandInteroperability 161
6.3.4 ConcernsinthePublicOpinion 162
6.4 PlanningWirelessNetworks 162
6.5 AnIntegratedSystemforOptimumWirelessNetworkPlanning 163
6.5.1 OverviewoftheSystem 164
6.6 ACandidateArchitectureforanEffectiveISNOP 169
6.7 GCandItsRoleintheISNOP 170
6.8 WirelessNetworkPlanningwithGC 170
6.8.1 DataCommunicationwithGCinaSimplifiedISNOP 173
6.8.2 ENCModuleSimulation 178
6.9 Conclusions 180
Acknowledgments 181
References 181
CHAPTER 7
Conclusions and Future Trends 183
7.1 GC:BenefitsandLimitations 183
7.2 GCTrends 184
References 185
APPENDIX A
Useful UNIX/Linux Hints 187
Contents ix
A.1 UNIX/LinuxOperatingSystem:AnOverview 187
A.2 UNIX/Linux:TheArchitecture 188
A.3 TheFileSystem 188
A.3.1Introduction 188
A.3.2 FileSystemRelevantCommands 189
A.3.3 Pathnames 191
A.3.4 SystemCallsforFileManagement 192
A.3.5 Permissions 192
A.4 Processes 193
A.5 Administration 194
A.6 TheShell 194
A.6.1 Introduction 194
A.6.2 BackgroundCommandExecution 196
A.6.3 Redirection 196
A.6.4 Pipes 197
A.6.5 EnvironmentVariables 197
References 198
APPENDIX B
Foundations of Cryptography and Security 199
B.1 Introduction 199
B.2 ConfidentialityandCryptography 200
B.3 DigitalSignature 202
B.4 CertificatesandCertificationAuthorities 203
References 205
APPENDIX C
Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory 207
C.1 Maxwell’sEquationsintheTimeDomain 207
C.2 HelmholtzandDispersionEquations 208
C.3 TEandTMModes 209
C.4 FourierRepresentationofGreen’sFunctions 210
C.5 TheFar-FieldApproximation 212
Reference 213
APPENDIX D
List of Useful Web Sites 215
Glossary 217
List of Acronyms 227
Selected Bibliography 233
About the Authors 239
Index 241
