Table Of ContentForeword
These proceedings contain papers presented or displayed as posters at the 6 ht International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-6) held at Kyoto International
Conference Hall, Japan, from October 1 to 4, 2002. Overall, some 240 papers were presented
orally and 76 papers were displayed at poster sessions. The conference attracted 500 delegates
from 32 countries, of which more than 55% were from countries other than Japan, the host
country. Following the plenary session consisting of two keynote speeches on climate change
policies and technical measures, six parallel sessions were held for presentation of the 240
papers.
The origin of this conference series started in 1992 under the title of the International
Conference on Carbon-Dioxide Removal (ICCDR .)1 It dealt with studies on carbon dioxide
capture and sequestration technologies and was followed by ICCDR-2 held in Kyoto, Japan, in
1994 and ICCDR-3 held at MIT, USA, in 1996. The scope of the conference was broadened in
the next conference held in Interlaken, Switzerland, in 1996 so as to include all greenhouse gases
and issues related to climate change such as technical, economic and policy measures to mitigate
climate change. The name of the conference series was changed at that time to the International
Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-4). GHGT-5 was held in Cairns,
Australia, in 2000; both conferences were very successful with more than 200 papers presented
respectively. By 1995, the lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) had held a similar
conference series and decided to support the GHGT series, lEA GHG then became the guardian
of the GHGT series.
The present conference, GHGT-6, was organized jointly by IEA GHG, the Research Institute of
Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Japan, and the Japan Society of Energy and
Resources (JSER). Taking into account that JSER's fields of activity include energy economics
and general energy technologies, the organizers decided to broaden the scope of the conference
so as to accommodate their inclusion. This may be one of reasons why the total number of papers
presented at this conference has been the largest in this conference series.
The papers included here, therefore, cover broad areas related to climate change issues. About
55% of the papers consist of those in the field of 2OC recovery and sequestration, although the
other 0'/°54 cover non-CO2 greenhouse gases, forest absorption, biomass and other energy
sources, energy technologies including those for conservation, 2OC utilization technologies, and
energy policy and economics. It is noticeable that the number of papers on geological
sequestration increased dramatically at this conference, compared with previous conferences. A
total of 98 papers were presented or displayed at poster sessions at this conference, whereas less
than 40 papers were presented at GHGT-4 and GHGT-5. This may reflect the rapid rise in
research spending worldwide on topics associated with the geological sequestration of carbon
dioxide.
The proceedings also include a keynote speech made at the plenary session. This comprises an
overview of R&D technologies for the mitigation of climate change presented by Mr. H.
Mitsukawa of the New Energy and Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan.
An important feature of the present conference was the holding of two panel sessions, one
concerned with public outreach on 2OC sequestration and the other on the role of industries in
the strategy for mitigating global warming. Although this was the first such attempt in this
conference series, both sessions attracted audiences who enjoyed the, sometimes heated,
discussions between the panelists and audience.
The conference was supported not only by main sponsors such as the IEA GHG Programme,
RITE and JSER, but by many other organizations, both domestic and foreign. They were:
• Battelle/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
• U.S. Department of Energy/The National Energy Technology Laboratory (US
DOE/NETL)
• The Commemorative Association for the Japan World Exposition (1970)
• ABB Corporate Research (ABB)
BP
•
• Statoil
• TotalFinaElf
• NOVEM (Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment)
• Engineering Advancement Association, Japan
• Federation of Electric Power Companies, Japan
• Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
• Japan Cement Association
• Japan Chemical Industry Association
• Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industry Association
• Japan Gas Association
• Japan Iron and Steel Association
• Japan Society of Industrial Machining Manufacturers
• Petroleum Association of Japan
• Japan Electrical Manufacturers Association
We also acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan
(METI), New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Kyoto
Prefecture, th6 Japan Business Federation, and Kansai Economic Federation. In addition, we
would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr .S Mills in helping to put these proceedings
together.
ihcioY Kaya
Chairman, Organizing Committee, GHGT-6
Director General, RITE
Address to the Opening Session
Dr. Kelly Thambimuthu,
Chairman,
lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme.
Professor Kaya, Mr Seki, Mr Takeuchi, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. On behalf of the
lEA Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme I would like to welcome you to this conference.
Our most honourable guests, ladies and gentlemen, it is indeed a very humbling experience to be
at this historic Kyoto International Conference Hall. Most of you will well know that almost five
years ago in December 1997, the Government of Japan hosted, in this very hall, the 3 ar
Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Japan and in particular, the residents of Kyoto must be justifiably proud that this wonderful city
of historic significance to your country is also of great historic significance to the world in
giving birth to the Kyoto Protocol. We in the global community finally found a collective will
here in Kyoto to start a process to protect the environmental health of our planet and indeed to
preserve, in perpetuity, life on Earth as we know it.
Greenhouse Gas Control Technology is the major intemational conference in capture and
storage of 2OC and in understanding the potential for abatement technologies. I am very pleased
to be here in Kyoto for the 6 ht event in this series. It promises to be a most exciting meeting. As
you will have seen from the programme, there is a range of good papers on many important
topics.
This conference series grew out of the original Carbon Dioxide Removal conferences, the
second of which was held in Kyoto. These were merged with the Greenhouse Gas Programme's
own conferences to form the GHGT series. The Greenhouse Gas Programme is proud to be the
guardian of these events.
We have been very happy to work closely with the hosts of this meeting, RITE, who have put a
great deal of effort into organising the conference under the leadership of their director general,
Professor Yoichi Kaya. As I am sure you will discover during the course of the next four days,
the preparations made for this event are of the highest standard.
I must pay tribute to the efforts of the organising committee, under the chairmanship of
Professor Kaya, which also included Professor Kanji Ohyama of Kyoto University as vice chair,
Mr Yutaka Suzuki, representing the Japan Society of Energy and Resources, and Mr John Gale
from the Greenhouse Gas Programme team. They have been responsible for everything from
the technical structure of the conference, to the arrangement of the meeting rooms and, as you
will see later, the publication of the proceedings. I think they have done an excellent job.
I would also like to thank the Programme committee who have helped select the papers for the
technical sessions. I must also thank the conference secretariat for their tremendous work behind
the scenes.
Another group who also deserve our thanks are the sponsors - nine organisations from Japan and
from other countries have contributed financial support to the conference, demonstrating the
importance they see in this technology. We are very grateful to them too.
This technology is indeed growing in importance. Further evidence of this, if you need it, can
be seen in the recent decision by IPCC to prepare for a report on carbon capture and storage.
This conference will bring together a picture of the state of knowledge in this technology. The
papers presented here will be very timely for IPCC's work. The IEA Greenhouse Gas
Programme and many of the participants in this meeting will be contributing to IPCC's
discussions that will be initiated at a workshop in Regina, Canada, in November this year. This
conference will be of great importance in contributing to the knowledge base that IPCC will use.
So, this will be a very timely conference on subjects of growing importance. I know it will also
be a very stimulating conference. But over and above everything else, I hope you will all have a
very enjoyable time whilst you are in Kyoto and in Japan.
Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Volume I
.J Gale dna .Y Kaya (Eds.)
© 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
GLOBAL WARMING PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES IN JAPAN
Hiroshi Mitsukawa
President
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
Sunshine 60, 3-1-1 Higashi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
INTRODUCTION
Seen from the estimated impact and severity, global warming is one of the most significant environmental
problems that seriously threatens humankind. The Third Assessment Report of the Intergovemmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded, "most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable
to human activities." It also stated that "the globally averaged surface temperature is projected to increase by
4.1 to 5.8°C, '' and that "global mean sea level is projected to rise by 0.09 to 0.88 metres" between 1990 and
2100. Thus, it showed concerns for the possibilities of abnormal weather, for impact on the ecosystem, and
in particular, for human society.
Global warming is a problem that we must tackle within the hundred-year scale. Two approaches are
simultaneously required: (1) short-term solutions such as energy conservation technologies, and (2) mid- to
long-term solutions such as innovative technologies and breakthroughs. As the keynote speech for the
session, Japan's R&D activities toward global warming prevention technologies and the dissemination of
such technologies will be the focus.
Global warming prevention policy ni Japan
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Conference of the Parties (COP-3) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 1997. Japan ratified the Protocol in
June 2002, thereby accepting a reduction target of 6% below 1990 levels during the first commitment period
of 2008-2012. Prior to ratification, Japan had been tackling the global warming problem by establishing
the "Outline of Global Wanning Prevention" in 1998, enforcing "The Climate Change Policy Law" of 1999,
revising the "Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy" in 1999, and promoting Keidanren's voluntary
action plans in the industrial sector.
In March 2002, the "Outline of Global Warming Prevention" was revised to include solutions with concrete
targets in order to strengthen its efforts. Furthermore, a new "Climate Change Policy Law" was established
in June 2002 that includes development of a comprehensive plan to achieve the Kyoto target, improvement
of a necessary system to promote the developed plan, and objective measures to suppress GHG emissions.
At the same time, the "Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy" was revised again, and the "Japanese
Renewable Portfolio Standard" ("RPS law") was established to oblige power companies to utilize a certain
amount of new energy. With regard to R&D on global warming prevention technologies, the Council for
Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office, developed the six programs outlined in Figure 1 (below) in
June 2001 under the Global Warming Research Initiative. These programs are now being promoted through
cooperation among ministries and agencies.
In addition, Japan carries out intemational co-operation activities for global warming prevention under such
multilateral frameworks as UNFCCC, IEA, and APEC. It also promotes bilateral co-operation, for example,
the co-operation on scientific technologies on climate change that was agreed at the Japan-US high-level
consultation held in April 2002.
number The of themes budget and (billion based yen) are no plan the in YF 2002 Individual ] I Long'term ]
I [GHG f'Lxation and sequestration technology development program] target I overall target I
-Themes: 16, Budget: 7.1 -METI, MLIT
lt Technology development program for controlling human-induced GH 1 ,_~ ._- ,
missions, such as emissions by energy use] !
Themes: 162, Budget: 156.8 -METI, MLIT m o !
~_g I
I -[TThoetmaels : monitoring 26, Budget: program 53.1 on -MOE, global waMrEXmT,i ng] MLIT, etc. _ _ .
I [Research program on influence/risk evaluation of global warming] g~
-Themes: ,51 Budget: 2.1 -MLIT, MAFF, MEXT o-g
I -T[Ghleombeals : .... 19, ingB udget: fo ..... 17.5 ting and -MEXT, climate MOE chang ........ h program] I . . .g..g. .. I
. -.-. : ~ g~ m
I [Research program on global warming control policies]
-Themes: ,7 Budget: 2.1 -MLIT .~_~" I og
METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
MOE: Ministry of Environment
MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology N'~r
MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Source: Council for Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office
Figure "1 Global Warming Research Initiative
Global warming prevention model
The Dynamic New Earth 21 (DNE 21) developed by the Research Institute ,movative Technology for the
v,
Earth (RITE) simulated CO2 emission reductions worldwide and in Japan in Figures 2 and 3, respectively, in
case total costs in the energy system can be minimized. According to Figure 2, current focuses are especially
on energy conservation as well as on new and renewable energy technologies. The model shows that
ocean/geological CO2 sequestration technologies will be introduced after 2020.
0 ~' 20
~ 01
i
0
2000 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Figure "2 DNE 21 Model (Global)
J scenario CO 2 emissions
=.rva tio n "
el
and geothermal
reduction target
missions
P hotovoltaics
Forestation
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
[Sire ulation condition]
Realization of the emissions reduction target in 2010, and further reduction by 1% after 2010.
erugiF "3 DNE 12 Model (Japan)
NEDO has been engaged in a wide range of these prospective technologies, including the short- and
mid-term (energy conservation, new energy, and renewable energy) to the long-term (CO2 sequestration),
through research, development, and dissemination. Some of NEDO's current projects and activities are
introduced herein.
Development of new energy and energy conservation technologies
Japan's target of new energy introduction by 2010 is 19.1 million kl (crude oil equivalent), which equals
3.2% of primary energy supply. For this purpose, there are several issues related to technology development
that we face. They include improvements in economic efficiency, equipment usability, and output stability.
For example; R&D of core technologies such as proton-exchange membranes and platinum catalysts are
important for fuel cells/hydrogen energy. Establishment of fuel production and reforming technologies for
fuel cells, and development of hydrogen production, transportation, and storage technologies are also
required. For photovoltaics, further cost reduction should be accomplished by R&D of silicon thin-film and
compound solar cells, and development of recycling and reuse technologies. Moreover, liquefaction and
gasification technologies are important for the efficient use ofbiomass energy.
NEDO also supports various phases of developing new energy technologies, from research through to
introduction, as illustrated in Figure 4 with the purpose of strengthening and enhancing technology
introduction and dissemination activities. The support particularly emphasizes two aspects: (1) introduction
of innovative technologies and equipment, and (2) implementation of those model projects with expected
effective dissemination and enlightenment possibility by local authorities.
II. Support for capacity building Utilization of I. Basic studies/research
-Advisory (Lectures, preparation of leaflets research results --FiTeled chnical tests suranvd ey result on the analysis introduction of waste
and guidebooks) ~ power generation
- A c ti v itie s fo r te c h n o 1 o g y d is s e m in a t io n a n d ........... -Demonstrative project of facilitated grid
enlightenment connection
-Support for technology dissemination activities -Electrical system stabilization and other studies
of local authorities and NPOs I for wind power generation
1
I lII. Support for developing a ...u .... tilizati h ........ stI . Ref:. .New . energy . .technologies . .
vision of introducing technology .................................~ ....................... iii Examples,
I -Support for local authorities to develop a -Photovoltaic power generation
vision of introducing technologies -W ind power generation
-Support for feasibility studies and close W- ater source heat pum ps
L i nvestigations of wind conditions -Natural gas cogeneration
~ii~ -Fuel cells
W- aste power generation
IV • Support for -Waste heat utilization
technology introduction -Refuse-derived fuel production
B- iom ass pow er generation
-Financial support for local authorities, business -Biomass heat utilization
units, and NPOs that introduce new energy -B iomass-derived fuel production
-Support for introduction of electric/hybrid cars
Note: Similar introduction activities are implemented for energy conservation technologies
Figure 4: NEDO's Activities to Promote the Introduction of New Energy
Taking into consideration the necessity of sustainable economic growth and stable energy supply, there is a
need for R&D of 2OC emission reduction technologies based on drastic improvement of energy consumption.
This R&D should be advanced comprehensively, efficiently, and ta an accelerated pace within the industrial,
consumer goods, and transportation sectors. Furthermore, introduction and dissemination of the developed
energy conservation technologies must be promoted. Through these efforts, Japan is targeting reduction of
energy consumption by 57 million kl (crude oil equivalent) by 2010 as demonstrated in Figure 5 below.
Industrial Consumer goods Transportation
Approx. 21 Approx. 19 Approx. 17
I
igher energy efficienc~
Improvements in plants I in housing/building Better fuel consumption
based on I for vehicles, etc
"Law the rationcaoln cerning use I 8.6 J 6.4
n r "
Energy ~.. of 20. lgy j HH~(l gher efficiency ~-e-~-----oh "-Public transportation/-'~
I electric appliances/ I
conser- transportation system
vation Technology developm ent/ ~ OA P6.6qe t improvem ent
dissemination of and Eco-drive
high-efficiency ~.. 6.4
Approx. 57 • boiler/laser 50 I for hhiogmh-ee fficiency and business/ f Higher efficiency "
61 ethnology dissemination introduction/~ of I water 3.4 heater j ransportation/distribution 3.4 )~
1 | highi ndustrial performance furnace R educt'ion of 1 Dissemination of clean 1
~,, 0.4 )~,, L .... P4Ybd .... J energy 0.8 vehicles
Units: million kl (crude oil equivalent) Source: Outline of Global Warming Prevention (March 2002)
Figure 5: Breakdown of Emission Reductions by Introduction of Energy Conservation Technologies
For example, in the industrial sector, energy consumption is to be reduced by approx. 0.9 million kl and 2OC
emissions era to be reduced by 2.6 million tons by 2010. These reductions can be accomplished through
development and introduction of high performance industrial furnaces and development and dissemination
of high-efficiency boilers. nI order to assist the efforts, NEDO has designed, developed, and financially
supported the introduction of high performance industrial furnaces in several plants. NEDO also expects to
contribute to the energy conservation target by utilizing various technology development projects including
"Development of Compound Semiconductors for High-efficiency Electro-optic Conversion" and "Advanced
Photon Processing Measurement Technology." In the consumer goods sector, development of technology to
reduce electrical equipment standby power consumption has been carried out. In the transportation sector,
the R&D of advanced clean energy cars and their introduction and dissemination have been implemented.
Through activities in these two sectors, NEDO expects to contribute to the target by reducing energy
consumption by approx. 1.2 million kl and 2OC emissions by approx. 3.3 million tons by 2010.
Development of C02 separation, recovery, sequestration and utilization technologies
The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and NEDO have been cooperatively implementing
fundamental research on technologies that can be used to reduce CO2 by 2010. Such technologies include
CO2 separation, recovery, sequestration, and biological/chemical fixation. Several projects have been carried
out, including "R&D on CO: Ocean Sequestration", "R&D on the Underground Sequestration of CO2" and
"CO: Coal Bed Sequestration", as illustrated in Figure 6.
Policy target
i Basid research I
_..,__ , _ J J
: i " - .... J ........ ........ - -" "-
/'~ i Ocean CO 2 sequestration :::: ; :'~i ,' c
' i i i ~ ; i iii i~i " i \c ~,
/ I U nddrg .... d..--~seques~t-~on o~C-~2 ~ iii i . . ,i \~ :' g
~ ~ / i i ~ ii i .... p~ase ~,', -~ _.
~- Ii ! CO 2 co~l bed sqquestrat!on :i i ~ /c ~
I ~ I I co ...... ~ry and utilization \i i i c
I ~;~ _~ i I t I technoiogy i usi6g i coal alnd i natural i gas /,/~ ! i i c c < Z =;" ...
/ ' CiO2 i fixati i .... d dtili izatioh ~' ~i ! i i i i c c ~,
\ / technoilogy forirecycl,nig waste paper ~ i i < & ' o =
~ i m, .._ ~ i _., .._ .,-_ ! .,_. __,.--.,-.--__--__I -,__--..--i__:- -__--__--.--. ',: i New themhs i -2"--c ,._c: ~ ~ I
o
~. ~ P rac~ica, app ,,cation !publicl~ ........ d) ~ , - ~
~ I I I I I ~ .... m .... ~ I l I~ i J ~ I I I I I ~ i I
\ ~ i ' Int'l cooperati i idn ! ; i progr~m/Int'l ! jioinl ti R&D ! ! :1::!i:i: ~'__~ ~i :--" ............... .... t = ......... ..... ,. -'~ ~"" c uoS Industrial i Structure Council
Figure 6: Overview of COz Separation/Recovery/Sequestration/Utilization Program
For 2OC ocean/underground sequestration technologies, confirmation of existence of appropriate ocean areas
and geological layers is very important. These areas and layers should be identified near oceanfront power
plants, which are large emission sources. If these technologies are economically viable, there is a prospect
for large amounts of sequestration. However, prior to the actual introduction of the technologies, formation
of social consensus based on evaluations of environmental impact/risk is inevitable.
IPCC will hold a workshop in Canada in November 2002 for the preparation of a special report on CO2
recovery and sequestration. The workshop will focus on comprehensive research on CO2 separation,
recovery, and sequestration technologies, including: (1) technological features, (2) cost comparisons, (3)
evaluation of environmental impact/risk, and (4) related legal aspects. Through the research, necessary issues
will be selected and incorporated in the report. NEDO will give full support and cooperation to the IPCC
activity and the development of the special report.
Necessity of positive international co-operation
Global warming is a problem that must be addressed on a global scale. However, there are differences in
reduction costs between developed and developing countries, and even among developed countries. In order
to promote cost-effective emission reduction on a global scale, there is a high expectation for the Kyoto
Mechanisms.
Given the expected increase in GHG emissions in developed countries in the future, there will be a greater
necessity of global cooperation for emission reduction. Developed countries must support developing
countries in their efforts to reduce emissions through various activities such as capacity building. In Japan,
the cost to reduce emissions is very high as portrayed in Figures 7 and 8 below. Thus, CDM and JI
utilization are important to achieve the Kyoto target cost effectively.
10
CO 2 emission per GDP in major developedcountries in 1998
(those derived from energy use)
78.0 I---'F0.93 I
90 iIi
0.8 ~
0.7 0.59 0.6 I I I I I
oq 0.6
~0.5
0
0.4
:~ 0.3
0.2
0.1
0 N e th erlan d s U S A A u stralia
Japan Germany Canada
Source: National inventory, IPCC secretariat
Figure 7:CO2 Emission per GDP in Major Developed Countries
(derived from energy use)
-Given the low CO 2 emission -Thus, the least reduction cost w ill
per person, Japan has already be higher in Japan than in EU and
achieved the highest energy the USA.
efficiency.
CO, emission comparison in Japan/USA/Germany
(FY 1998) Cost estimation for target reduction
(IPCC Third Assessment Report)
o =2 - .... ,,o, 1
O06
"~ 400 410
Germany USA Japan llE ..__._.-__. lISA
(Source : National inventory) Note: The arrow indicates the width of various
c o s t e s tim a tio n re s u Its.
Figure :8 Emission Reduction Cost in Japan
CONCLUSIONS
What is required is to develop and maintain a mechanism that can balance sustainable environmental
protection and economic growth using innovative technologies and ingenuities of the business community.
In this way, the commitment to global warming prevention will eventually lead to stimulation of the
economy and employment generation. In addition, all entities including countries, local authorities, business
units, and citizens must play their own roles and vigorously engage in the effort.
To ensure the effectiveness of global warming prevention activities, all developing and developed countries
need to take measures to reduce GHG emissions. oT support the activities, NEDO will enhance its
relationship with other entities, promote development of global warming prevention technologies, and
introduce and disseminate the developed technologies into society.
REFERENCES
.1 IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001, Cambridge University Press, 2001
2. Outline of Global Warming Prevention (2002), Japan
3. Council for Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office (2001), Japan.
4. Industrial Structure Council, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2002), Japan
