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Agricultural production is one of the main keys to the development of healthy G
societies. It is anticipated that agricultural systems will increasingly have to contend r
e
with temperature, humidity and water stress in the near future. This makes the need e
to increase the efficiency of land and water use ever more urgent. The control and n
h
design of greenhouses allows to increase dramatically the quality of crops and extend
o
the cultivation period year-round. A properly designed autonomous greenhouse based u
on hydroponics can greatly reduce the amounts of nutrients and energy expended in s
e
agricultural production.
D
This book deals with different types of greenhouses, materials, structures, advanced
e
control techniques and tendencies that are needed for designing and controlling an
s
advanced greenhouse. The control system is presented as an integral system which i
g
covers the explanation of basic and advanced concepts for a real time controller. Also, n
structural analysis is introduced, whereby mechanical design is regarded as a key factor.
a
The book incorporates simulations and experimental results, and utilizes LabVIEW and n Greenhouse Design
ADAMS software. Finally, it provides a perspective on the present state and future of d
greenhouses globally. C
o
Written in a highly accessible manner, this book will prove useful to horticulturalists,
n and Control
agricultural engineers, greenhouse engineers and designers. Its easy-to-absorb t
r
contents are also suitable for (under)graduate students and researchers in agricultural o
and electronic engineering, horticulture, crop cultivation and soft computing. l
Pedro Ponce
Arturo Molina
Paul Cepeda
Esther Lugo
Brian MacCleery
an informa business
Greenhouse Design and Control
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Greenhouse Design and Control
Pedro Ponce,Arturo Molina,
Paul Cepeda & Esther Lugo
Tecnologico de Monterrey,Campus Ciudad de Mexico,Mexico
City,Mexico
Brian MacCleery
National Instruments,Austin,TX,USA
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandBoundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontained
hereinmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingor
otherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfromthepublisher.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublication
andtheinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnor
theauthorforanydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperation
oruseofthispublicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
PonceCruz,Pedro.
Greenhousedesignandcontrol/authors,PedroPonce,ArturoMolina,Paul
Cepeda&EstherLugo,InstitutoTecnologicodeMonterrey,EjidosdeHuipulco,Mexico,
BrianMacCleery,NationalInstruments,Austin,TX,USA.—Firstedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-138-02629-2(hardback)—ISBN978-1-315-77155-7(ebook)
1. Greenhouses–Designandconstruction. I.Title.
SB416.P662014
635.9’823—dc23
2014016067
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-1-138-02629-2(Hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-77155-7(eBook)
Pedro
To my charming and lovely Norma who is my inspiration every single day of
my life.
Arturo
To my wife Silvia and lovely kids Julio and Monse. In memory of my mom
Rosita.
Paul
I dedicate this work to my father in heaven and my beautiful family:
Francisco,Ana María,María José,Rosa,Ruby,David,Carlos,Nathan,whose
support,patience and love are the search engine for a better future. Selvia,
you’re part of this,thank you for living through and sharing hours of work,
effort and dedication,encouraging me in difficult times and celebrating the
best of times.To my colleagues and co-authors,thank you for the
opportunities provided. Finally,this is also for all the people not mentioned
here and who have been part of my growth and achievements.
Esther
TotheITESMCCMforallthesupportforthisresearchthathasbecomepart
of this book.
To my tutor Dr. Pedro Ponce for the opportunity to participate in this
research work.
To my parents,brothers,sister and cousin,for supporting me.
To my boyfriend for the support,time and ideas for improving this research.
To my friends for the time and help they have given me to perform my job.
Brian
To Eva Jane MacCleery,greenhouse for my spirit.
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Table of contents
Listoffigures xi
Listoftables xix
Preface xxiii
Howtoreadthisbook xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Greenhousemotivation 11
1.1.1 ThestateofNorthAmericanprotectedagriculture 20
2 Stateoftheart:greenhouseandcontrols 29
3 Greenhousefundamentals 41
3.1 Greenhousegeneralitiesandconstruction 43
3.1.1 Siteselection 44
3.1.2 Orientation 45
3.1.3 Planlayout 46
3.1.4 Availabilityofwater 48
3.1.5 Availabilityofelectricity 48
3.1.6 Structuredesign 51
3.1.7 Standardsfortheconstruction 59
3.1.8 Greenhousecosts 64
4 Greenhousematerialsandstructures 67
4.1 Structuralmaterials 71
4.1.1 Structuralconformation 73
4.2 Claddingmaterials 74
4.3 Foundationsandfloormaterials 79
4.3.1 Connectionsandclamps 80
4.3.2 Leaks 81
4.3.3 Windbreak 81
4.3.4 Insectscreens 81
4.4 Eco-materials 82
4.5 Materialselectionforagreenhouse 83
4.6 Materialpropertiesofatunneltypegreenhouse 85
4.6.1 TunnelfixedZenithventilationgreenhouses 85
4.6.2 SimulationintheInventor® program 88
viii Table of contents
4.6.3 Characteristicsoftheloadsthatareappliedtothestructure 93
4.6.4 CFDsimulatorbyInventor® 107
4.7 Greenhouseconstructionstandards 115
4.7.1 Materialsusedinthestructures 115
4.7.2 Normsofmaterials 116
4.7.3 Activitiesforgreenhouseconstruction 117
4.8 Structuresandenvironmentalcontrol 119
5 Greenhouseautomationandcontrol 127
5.1 Realtimecontrolsystemandgreenhouses 129
5.2 Advancedcontrolsystemsforportablegreenhouses 140
5.2.1 Basicportablegreenhousedescription 144
5.2.2 Advancedcontrolsystems 145
5.3 Controlimplementation 147
5.3.1 Portablegreenhouseresults 150
5.4 Constituentsofcontrolledenvironmentforconventional
greenhouses 171
5.5 Sensorsforgreenhousemonitoring 182
5.6 Automationsystems 199
5.7 Advancedprotectedsystems–hydroponics 220
5.7.1 Nutrientfilmtechnique 224
5.8 Greenhousemodelingandcontrol 226
5.8.1 Greenhousemodels 226
5.9 Typesofcontrols 230
5.9.1 Controltechniquestheory 236
5.9.2 Bang-bangoron/offcontrol 236
5.9.3 PIDcontrol 237
5.9.4 Feedback/feed-forwardlinearization 238
5.9.5 Slidingmodes 241
5.9.5.1 Fuzzylogiccontrol 244
5.9.6 Adaptiveneuralfuzzyinferencesystem–ANFIS 247
5.9.7 Greentechcontrolandsupervisor 250
6 Basicgreenhousecontroldesignandimplementation 257
6.1 Mechanicalsystems 259
6.1.1 Structureandmaterialsselection 259
6.1.2 Ventilationsystems 262
6.1.3 Shadingsystem 264
6.1.4 Waterfoggingsystem 266
6.1.5 Irrigationsystem 268
6.1.6 Sensors 270
6.2 Electricalandelectronicsystem 282
6.3 Controlsystemforgreenhouses 284
6.3.1 Intelligentcontrolsystemdevelopment 291
6.3.2 LabVIEW™ controllersprogramming 296
6.3.3 Intelligentcontrollerssimulation 299
6.3.4 Graphicaluserinterface(GUI)andfunctions 303
Table of contents ix
6.4 Controlresults 306
6.4.1 Intelligentcontrollerssimulationresults 308
6.4.2 PID-typecontrollersimulationresults 315
6.4.3 On/offcontrollersexperimentalresults 319
6.4.4 Intelligentcontrollersexperimentalresults 324
6.4.5 Analysisofcontrolsystems 328
7 Automaticgreenhouseoperation 331
7.1 Fieldversusgreenhousegrownfruit 332
7.2 Plantforms 333
7.3 Photosyntheticcharacteristics 333
7.4 Temperaturerequirements 334
7.5 Carbondioxide 335
7.6 Lightqualityandintensity 334
7.7 Waterrequirement 335
7.8 Factorsaffectinggreenhouseproduction 336
7.9 Greenhousestructures 337
7.10 Pestmanagement 338
7.11 Culturesystems 338
7.12 Plantnutrition 339
7.13 Generalgreenhousereferenceconditions 341
References 343
Subjectindex 351
