Green Power: Perspectives on Sustainable Electricity Generation

580 Pages·2014·6.053 MB·English

by  Figueiredo, João Neiva de, Guillén, Mauro F

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PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Green Power: Perspectives on Sustainable Electricity Generation provides
a systematic overview of the current state of green power and renewable
electrical energy production in the world. Presenting eight in-depth case studies
of green power production and dissemination, it illustrates the experiences and
best practices of various countries on this topic of critical importance.
The book’s case studies provide readers with policy, business, and societal
perspectives. They examine the differences in each country’s natural endow-
ments, cultural make-up, technological development, public policy concerns,
and institutional incentive structures relative to the advancement of green and
sustainable energy.
• Considers China’s energy profile and what is being done to reduce
the country’s reliance on coal
• Describes the cultural foundations and institutional environment
that gave birth to Germany’s energy revolution
• Supplies an overview of the renewable energy sector in Spain and
analyzes its future prospects in light of recent economic difficulties E P
• Reports on French Polynesia’s progress in its quest to generate half L E
E R
of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020 C S
• Investigates the feasibility of biomass as a large-scale electricity T P
R E
generation option IC C
• Explores the vision of power generation in space that could solve I T
T I
mankind’s energy needs permanently Y V
E
G S
By illustrating the experiences of other nations, the book outlines valuable E
O
lessons learned and best practices that can be extremely helpful to other N
N
E
countries as they seek a greener energy profile. Supplying a timely overview of R S
renewable and non-renewable electric power sources, it provides in-depth A U
T
analysis of the key factors that affect success. It also identifies practices that I S
O T
have been precursors to failure so you can avoid making the same mistakes in N A
your quest to contribute to the long-overdue advancement of green energy. IN
A
B
L
E

K20467
E D I T E D B Y
João Neiva de Figueiredo • Mauro F. Guillén

EDITED BY
João Neiva de Figueiredo • Mauro F. Guillén
Boca Raton London New York
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A PRODUCTIV ITY PRESS BOOK
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Version Date: 20131227
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Contents
List of Figures .......................................................................................vii
List of Tables .......................................................................................xvii
Preface ...............................................................................................xxiii
Editors .................................................................................................xxv
Contributors ..................................................................................... xxvii
Chapter 1 Green Power: Perspectives on Sustainable
Electricity Generation ........................................................1
João Neiva de Figueiredo and Mauro F. Guillén
Chapter 2 An Overview of Electricity Generation Sources ..............9
Akhil Jariwala and Saumil Jariwala
Chapter 3 Germany’s Energy Revolution .........................................61
José Carlos Thomaz, Jr. and Sean Michalson
Chapter 4 China’s Energy Profile and the Importance of Coal ...129
Julia Zheng and Xiaoting Zheng
Chapter 5 China’s Search for Cleaner Electricity Generation
Alternatives. ....................................................................199
Julia Zheng and Xiaoting Zheng
Chapter 6 Renewable Energy in Spain: A Quest for Energy
Security ...........................................................................279
José Normando Bezerra, Jr.
Chapter 7 Renewable Energy in French Polynesia: From
Unpredictable to Energy Independence? ......................313
Diana Townsend-Butterworth Mears
v
vi • Contents
Chapter 8 The Global Biopower Industry: Time for a Growth
Phase? ..............................................................................371
Hannah Tucker González and José Luis González Pastor
Chapter 9 The Business Case for Power Generation in Space
for Terrestrial Applications ...........................................415
Andre Luiz Soresini
Chapter 10 Strategic Considerations for Electric Vehicle
Adoption .........................................................................489
Luca Ratto and Natalie Volpe
Chapter 11 Going Forward: Moving from Perspectives to Action ......543
João Neiva de Figueiredo and Mauro F. Guillén
List of Figures
FIGURE 2.1 History of regional global electricity productions,
1971–2009 ..........................................................................................................11
FIGURE 2.2 Comparing the global electricity mixes of 1971 and
2009 ....................................................................................................................11
FIGURE 2.3 Proven reserves of coal by type around the world in
billion short tons ..............................................................................................15
FIGURE 2.4 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
coal by country in 2011 ...................................................................................15
FIGURE 2.5 The effect of geopolitical events on the price of a
barrel of crude oil from 1861 to 2011 ............................................................20
FIGURE 2.6 Total reserves of natural gas by country, with
uncertainty ........................................................................................................24
FIGURE 2.7 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
natural gas by country in 2011 .......................................................................25
FIGURE 2.8 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
nuclear by country in 2011 .............................................................................28
FIGURE 2.9 Global remaining recoverable uranium resources by
country in 2007 ................................................................................................29
FIGURE 2.10 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
biomass power by country in 2005 ................................................................32
FIGURE 2.11 World cumulative installed offshore wind power
capacity since 1991 ...........................................................................................37
FIGURE 2.12 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
wind power by country in 2011 ......................................................................37
FIGURE 2.13 Development of solar module prices and
production volumes over time ......................................................................40
FIGURE 2.14 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
PV by country in 2011 ....................................................................................40
vii
viii • List of Figures
FIGURE 2.15 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
geothermal power by country in 2011 ..........................................................42
FIGURE 2.16 Proportion of total world energy consumption of
hydroelectric power by country in 2011........................................................45
FIGURE 3.1 Share of each type of energy source ...................................66
FIGURE 3.2 Percentage of renewable energy share in Germany ..........67
FIGURE 3.3 Energy consumption and GDP in Germany ....................68
FIGURE 3.4 GDP per oil equivalent consumption in different
countries ............................................................................................................70
FIGURE 3.5 Production and availability of renewable energy for
(a) electricity, (b) thermal, and (c) fuel production .....................................73
FIGURE 3.6 Structure of renewable energy supply in Germany ..........75
FIGURE 3.7 Share of renewable energy in electricity consumption ....75
FIGURE 3.8 How the events affected energy production and
consumption in Germany ...............................................................................77
FIGURE 3.9 Comparison of different electricity sources’ CO
2
emissions ..........................................................................................................90
FIGURE 3.10 Flow chart of the factors leading to renewable
energy industry development and their correlation..................................113
FIGURE 4.1 Energy production and consumption, 1978–2008 .........132
FIGURE 4.2 China’s historical and future forecasted energy
consumption ...................................................................................................133
FIGURE 4.3 China’s historical GDP and percentage of world GDP ...134
FIGURE 4.4 Energy intensities of the U.S., China, and the world ....134
FIGURE 4.5 China’s CO emissions by source over time ....................135
2
FIGURE 4.6 CO emissions per capita of China, OECD, non-
2
OECD, and world over time .........................................................................136
FIGURE 4.7 Projected increases in annual carbon emissions by
fuel type for regions with the highest forecasted economic growth
rates, 2008–2035 .............................................................................................136
List of Figures • ix
FIGURE 4.8 Carbon intensities over time for China, OECD, non-
OECD, and the world using market exchange rates .................................137
FIGURE 4.9 China’s energy production by type over time .................139
FIGURE 4.10 The geographic imbalance of power production
and consumption in China ...........................................................................141
FIGURE 4.11 Regional grid clusters in China .......................................142
FIGURE 4.12 Regional power grid clusters in China ...........................143
FIGURE 4.13 China energy consumption by sector, 1995–2035 ........145
FIGURE 4.14 China energy consumption by type and sector, 2010 .......147
FIGURE 4.15 Map of coal reserves and industry distribution in
China ................................................................................................................155
FIGURE 4.16 China’s coal production history and projections by
year ...................................................................................................................156
FIGURE 4.17 Consumption of seven of the largest coal-
consuming countries, 1980–2008 ................................................................158
FIGURE 4.18 Coal consumption in China ............................................158
FIGURE 4.19 Total energy consumption in China by type in 2009 ...159
FIGURE 4.20 China’s electricity generation by type, 1991–2011 ........163
FIGURE 4.21 Non-OECD net electricity generation by region,
1990–2035 ........................................................................................................163
FIGURE 4.22 Efficiency of power generation and thermal power
plants ................................................................................................................164
FIGURE 4.23 China’s crude steel production over time ......................166
FIGURE 4.24 China’s imports/exports of steel mill products.............167
FIGURE 4.25 Chinese exports of steel mill products by trading
partner .............................................................................................................167
FIGURE 4.26 China’s SO emissions by year .........................................170
2
FIGURE 4.27 Precipitation pH distribution in China .........................171
FIGURE 4.28 Coal mining–related deaths, a comparison of the
United States and China, 2000–2009 ..........................................................172