Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Energy 12
Breda Kegl
Marko Kegl
Stanislav Pehan
Green
Diesel
Engines
Biodiesel Usage in Diesel Engines
Lecture Notes in Energy 12
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Breda Kegl (cid:129) Marko Kegl (cid:129) Stanislav Pehan
Green Diesel Engines
Biodiesel Usage in Diesel Engines
BredaKegl
MarkoKegl
StanislavPehan
FacultyofMechanicalEngineering
UniversityofMaribor
Maribor
Slovenia
ISSN2195-1284 ISSN2195-1292(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4471-5324-5 ISBN978-1-4471-5325-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-5325-2
SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht
©Springer-VerlagLondon2013
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 DieselEngineCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 InjectionCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1 ExperimentalTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.2 MathematicalModelingandSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 FuelSprayCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.1 ExperimentalTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.2 MathematicalModelingandSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 EnginePerformance,Ecology,andEconomyCharacteristics. . . 36
2.3.1 ExperimentalTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.2 MathematicalModelingandSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 GuidelinesforImprovingDieselEngineCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 EngineManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 ExhaustGasAfterTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 AlternativeFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.1 WaterinDieselEmulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 NaturalGasandLiquefiedPetroleumGas. . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3.3 MethaneandPropane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3.4 DimethylEtherandDimethylCarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.5 Fischer–TropschDiesel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.6 Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.7 Alcohols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.8 VegetableOils,Bioethanol,andBiodiesel. . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
v
vi Contents
4 BiodieselasDieselEngineFuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1 BiodieselSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 BiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.1 MeasurementMethodsforBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . 102
4.2.2 RequirementsforBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.2.3 PropertiesofBiodieselsfromVariousSources. . . . . . . . 108
4.2.4 ImprovementofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.3 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5 EffectsofBiodieselUsageonInjectionProcessCharacteristics. . . 127
5.1 InjectionPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.1.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.1.2 InfluenceofEngine-OperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.1.3 InfluenceofTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2 InjectionTiming. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 135
5.2.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.2 InfluenceofEngine-OperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.3 InfluenceofTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.3 InjectionRate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.2 InfluenceofEngine-OperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.3.3 InfluenceofTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6 EffectsofBiodieselUsageonFuelSprayCharacteristics. . . . . . . . 153
6.1 SprayPenetration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.1.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.1.2 InfluenceofEngineOperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.2 SprayAngle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.2.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.2.2 InfluenceofEngineOperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3 SauterMeanDiameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.3.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3.2 InfluenceofEngineOperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7 EffectsofBiodieselUsageonEnginePerformance,Economy,
Tribology,andEcology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.1 EnginePerformance,Economy,andTribologyCharacteristics. . . 180
7.1.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.1.2 InfluenceofEngineType. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.1.3 InfluenceofEngineOperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Contents vii
7.2 EngineHarmfulEmissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.2.1 InfluenceofBiodieselProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.2.2 InfluenceofEngineType. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.2.3 InfluenceofEngineOperatingRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.3 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8 ImprovementofDieselEngineCharacteristicsbyNumeric
Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.1 SystematicOptimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.1.1 OptimizationMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.1.2 TransformingaPracticalOptimizationProbleminto
theStandardForm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.1.3 TheRoleoftheResponseEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
8.2 EngineOptimizationforBiodieselUsage. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 229
8.2.1 ParameterizationoftheInjectionSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.2.2 OptimizationofInjectionRateHistories. . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8.2.3 OptimizationofFuelSprayAtomization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.3 ImplementationoftheOptimizationProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.3.1 OptimizationbyUsingBlack-BoxSimulationSoftware... 250
8.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
9 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 1
Introduction
Moderndieselenginespowermuchoftheworld’sequipmentand,mostnotably,are
prime movers commonly available today. Among personal and commercial
vehicles, the diesel engines hold a significant market share worldwide. And their
shareandpopularityarebothincreasing.
Traditionally, diesel engines run on mineral diesel, which is produced from
crude oil. This fact comes with several consequences, giving rise to various
concerns, which cannot be put aside. In fact, they have to be, and in many areas
theyalreadyare,addresseddecisivelyinordertoensurelong-termandsustainable
useoftheseexcellentmachinesinthefuture.
Thefirstconcernisthelimitedcrudeoilreserves.Crudeoilcoversabout37%of
world’senergydemands(Fig.1.1)(AsifandMuneer2007;Dorianetal.2006;Kegl
2012;Kja¨rstadandJohnsson2009).
World’s ultimate oil reserves are estimated at 2 trillion barrels, of which
900 billion barrels have already been consumed (Bentley 2002). This is the total
volume that would have been produced when production eventually ceases. The
globaldailyconsumptionofoilequalsabout75millionbarrels.Variouscountries
areatdifferentstagesoftheirreservedepletioncurves.Manyofthem,suchasUSA,
are past their midpoint and are in terminal decline, whereas others are close to
midpointsuchasUKandNorway.Luckily,thefivemajorGulfproducers—Saudi
Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates—are at an early stage of
depletion.Anyhow,aquickcalculationrevealsthatatpresentproductionratesoil
suppliesarepredictedtolastonlyabout40years.Thisestimatemightnotbevery
accurate,butthischangesnothingonthefactthatwehavetosearchforalternative
fuels,onwhichthedieselengineswillruninthefuture.Ofcourse,thesealternative
fuels should preferably be environment-friendly and produced from renewable
sources.
Thesecondconcernistheimmensequantityoffuel,consumedbydieselengines
allovertheworld.Avastmajorityofdieselenginesareengagedinroadtransport,
which accounts for about 81 % of total energy used for transportation (Fig. 1.2)
(Chapman 2007). Besides the road transport, diesel engines are also engaged in
B.Kegletal.,GreenDieselEngines,LectureNotesinEnergy12, 1
DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-5325-2_1,©Springer-VerlagLondon2013
2 1 Introduction
Fig.1.1 Sharesofglobalenergysources
Fig.1.2 Energyconsumptionsharesinthetransportsector
railwaytransport,navaltransport,electricitygeneration,andsoon.Anyhow,even
if we manage to develop efficient alternative fuel production, the immense fuel
volume,consumeddailybyworld’sdieselengines,willstillbeaproblem.Forthis
reason,tryingtoreducethedieselenginefuelconsumptiontothelimitsofpossible
shouldbeworthofeveryeffort.
Thethirdconcernisrelatedtothechemicalprocessoftransformationofinternal
fuel energy into mechanical work or, more precisely, to the exhaust emissions of
this process. A diesel engine burns the fuel under high pressure and emits the
burning products into the environment. Therefore, diesel engines are one of the
significantcontributorstoenvironmentalpollutionworldwide,withlargeincreases
expectedinvehiclepopulationandvehiclemilestraveled.Adieselengineproduces
