Table Of ContentGreen Chemistry in Agriculture
and Food Production
Editors
Vinay Kumar
Department of Community Medicine
Saveetha Medical College
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Chennai, India
Kleopatra Tsatsaragkou
Independent Researcher
Melissia, Athens
Greece
Nilofar Asim
Solar Energy Research Institute
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover illustration reproduced by kind courtesy of Dr. Vinay Kumar (first editor)
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-25431-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-43375-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-28953-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9780429289538
Typeset in Times New Roman
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Preface
This book titled “Green Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Production” is a
comprehensive compilation of the applied aspects of green chemistry applications in
agriculture and food production. It deals with the various aspects of green chemistry
in agriculture. It discusses the green technologies used in crop-pest control; green
fertilizers in agriculture, green chemistry in organic farming; eco-safe farming with
microbes; marine algae as green agricultures; production of value-added products
from waste processing using green technologies; green technologies in food
processing; food chain and green chemistry; green technologies in reduction of
toxins; green technologies in food analysis; green methods in agrochemical residues;
functional food ingredients, and foodomics.
This book will guide students, scientists, teachers and researchers in
understanding green technology’s fundamentals and applications.
Vinay Kumar
Kleopatra Tsatsaragkou
Nilofar Asim
Contents
Preface iii
1. Natural Product Chemistry in Agriculture 1
Divya Utreja, Komalpreet Kaur, N.K. Dhillon, Anupam and Sarbjit Singh
2. Green Technologies for Crop-Pest Control 29
Deepika Kumari, Lucky Duhan, Raman Manoharlal, G.V.S. Sai Prasad,
Marlia Mohd Hanafiah and Ritu Pasrija
3. Green Fertilizer Technologies in Agriculture 56
Mohamed Abdelsattar, Vinay Kumar and Mohamed A. Abdelwahed
4. Green Chemistry in Organic Farming 68
Goutam B. Hosamani, S.S. Chandrashekhar, Pooja C.A. and
Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana
5. Ecosafe Farming with Microbes 81
Ali Samy Abdelaal, Abeer Mohamed Mosalam, Sameh H. Youseif and
Amal Samy Abdelaal
6. Marine Algae as Green Agriculture 99
Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Shivika Datta, Satyender Singh,
Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Noyonika Kaul, Praveen C. Ramamurthy and
Joginder Singh
7. Recovery of Value-Added Products and Biological Conversion of 111
Coffee and Citrus Processing Waste Using Green Technologies
Erminta Tsouko, Sofia Maina, Maria Alexandri, Harris Papapostolou
and Apostolis Koutinas
8. Green Technologies in Food Processing 150
Sofia Chanioti, Paraskevi Siamandoura and Constantina Tzia
9. Food Chain and Green Chemistry 198
Pritha Chakraborty, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah and
Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana
vi Green Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Production
10. Green Technologies for Reduction of Toxins in Food Production 225
and Processing
Neha Kumari, Ankit Srivastava and Saurabh Bansal
11. Green Technologies for Food Analysis 245
Ana Paula Rebellato, Joyce Grazielle Siqueira Silva,
Elem Tamirys dos Santos Caramês, José Luan da Paixão Teixeira and
Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone
12. Green Methods for Agrochemical Residues Analysis in Agriculture 269
Elem Tamirys dos Santos Caramês, Ana Paula Rebellato,
Joyce Grazielle Siqueira Silva, José Luan da Paixão Teixeira and
Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone
13. Functional Food Ingredients Production Using Green Technologies 284
Kleopatra Tsatsaragkou, Paraskevi Paximada, Styliani Protonotariou
and Olga Kaltsa
14. Foodomics and Green Analytical Technologies 304
Ruchi Khare, Mohammad Yasir, Alok Kumar Shukla,
Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana and Rahul Shrivastava
Index 313
Biographies 317
C 1
hapter
Natural Product Chemistry
in Agriculture
Divya Utreja,1,* Komalpreet Kaur,1 N.K. Dhillon,2 Anupam2
and Sarbjit Singh3
India is blessed with rich biodiversity grown in different agroclimatic zones.
Natural products are widely employed for the synthesis and commercialization of
bio-based products. These products have a profound impact on the pharmaceutical,
food, cosmetics, and agricultural industry. Natural products originated from
co-evolutionary interactions and several biosynthetic pathways due to which they
can survive in a stressful environment. Natural products constitute several primary
and secondary metabolites. These two classes of metabolites consist of lignins,
flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, nitrogenous compounds,
aldehydes, ketones, alkaloids, glycosides, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, limonoids,
quassinoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, quinones, piperamides, polyacetylenes,
and polythienyls (Anulika et al. 2016). These are involved in growth, reproduction,
development, and ecological function. In fact, it will be worth saying that nature
constitutes incredible complex products that are of worth to mankind. Today,
pharmaceutical industries are interested in research on natural products to explore
and design them and develop novel bio-based products. Commercial insecticides
in the agrochemical industry have been found to exhibit negative effects, such as
mortality in various microbial communities, ground water contamination, human
carcinogenicity, bird toxicity, soil pollution, and hazardous effects due to residues
led to their withdrawal from the market and leading to decreased options for the
farmers subsequently (Gad 2014, Baidoo et al. 2017, Qiao et al. 2012, Khalil 2014,
Bernard et al. 2017).
1 Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141004, Punjab, India.
2 Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141004, Punjab, India.
3 Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, Nebraska 68022, USA.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
2 Green Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Production
The ever-increasing populations, changing climatic parameters, the outbreak of
pandemic diseases, food requirements, and protection of the global economy are
some of the interesting challenges that are being faced globally (Tsygankova et al.
2016). The crop ravages caused by various biotic and abiotic stresses negatively
affect the growth and productivity curve of crops and are prime threats for sustaining
agriculture productions (Atkinson et al. 2013, Narsai et al. 2013). Abiotic stress
factors wrap extreme salinity, floods, radiation, temperature, mineral toxicity, heavy
metals, and drought in it, while biotic stress factors comprise loss by fungi, viruses,
viroid, insects, arthropods, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes, mollusks, weeds, and
other competitive plants (Dresselhaus and Huckelhoven 2018, Madani et al. 2018,
Gull et al. 2019). Pathogenic infestations pose a threat to food security with an annual
loss of 60 billion dollars (10–40%) and sometimes these lead to epidemics (Sharma
et al. 2016, Anamika et al. 2019, Serge et al. 2019, Cal et al. 2012). These biotic
factors badly affect the plants’ photosynthetic and transport systems as they develop
a competitive atmosphere over attacked sites (Singla and Krattinger 2016).
Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive endoparasites that can negatively target
numerous agricultural crops, especially vegetables, fruits, field crops, ornamental
plants, and human health (Kaur et al. 2018, 2019, Jain et al. 2019, Kaur et al. 2020,
2021). The immense damage caused has been estimated to range from the US $80
billion to $1.58 billion per annum (21.3%) (Jain et al. 2007, Singh 2015). The
nematode population favors sedentary infestations with other soil-borne pathogens
leading to multifold effects and crop damage (Elling 2013, Ralmi et al. 2016).
The chapter intends to orient the research toward the management of nematodes
environmentally and economically beneficial manner.
Brassicaceae family is reported with biofumigant properties and is widely
investigated for its potential green manure technique to combat plant-parasitic
nematodes. The family produce glucosinolate compounds, which on hydrolyzation
by myrosinase in soil produces isothiocyanates containing -N=C=S group that in
turn adheres to the target organism (Riga et al. 2004) and enhance fumigant activity.
Isothiocyanates cause immediate cell death by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation,
interrupt energy metabolic pathways and aggregation of intracellular protein (Caboni
and Ntalli 2014), interrupt coupling between electron transport and phosphorylation,
inhibit ATP synthesis, and break -S-S- bridges that lead to cell death. Another
important activity is the interaction of isothiocyanate with topoisomerase II resulting
in DNA supercoiling and results in the removal of the knotting effect from the host
genome. Glucosinolates such as epi-progoitrin (2(S)-2-hydroxy-3-butenyl-GLS),
glucoerucin (4-methylthio-butyl-GLS) (-OH), Glucoiberin (3-methylsulfinylpropyl-
GLS) (-S-), epi-progoitrin (-S=O) on hydrolysis by myrosinase boost their activity
by 100%. These easily react with essential biological nucleophiles, such as thiol and
amino groups of the nematode enzymes for the alkylation. The dead J appeared
2
straight, rigid with brown internal organs. It was reported that aliphatic isothiocyanate
was more active in biofumigants than aromatic isothiocyanates. The allelochemicals
secreted act as deterrents, repellants, oviposition inhibitors, and antifeedants (Caboni
et al. 2012). Nematode from family can combat pathogens, such as Meloidogyne
chitwoodi, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, as it contains six isolates
Natural Product Chemistry in Agriculture 3
of glucosinolates (Curto et al. 2006). The study reported the integrated practices to
combat nematode by the combination of Brassica green manures as biofumigants
with commercialized nematicides 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) reduced 35% cost
and did not affect non-pathogenic Pseudomonas species. The economical and
eco-friendly practice effectively reduced the population of Pratylenchus penetrans
and M. chitwoodi, Paratrichodorus allius. The combination is a boon for the free-
living nematodes and Pseudomonas spp. (Riga 2011).
The term ‘biofumigation’ defines the suppressiveness exhibited by plants of the
Brassicaceae family on noxious soil-borne pathogens and is related to the discharge
of biocidal isothiocyanates (ITCs), particularly due to the glucosinolates hydrolysis
(GSLs, thioglucosides) present in the residues of the crop, catalyzed by myrosinase
(MYR, β-thioglucosideglucohydrolase) isoenzymes (Matthiessen and Kirkegard
2006, Motisi et al. 2010). Along with GSL hydrolysis products, the tissues of
decomposing Brassica produce several volatile sulfur-containing toxins, viz. methyl
sulfide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol, etc.,
which may participate in the process of biofumigation (Lord et al. 2011). The active
sites of ITC mainly thiol and amine groups of various enzymes or other volatiles
react with the biological nucleophiles of target nematodes (Avato et al. 2013).
Charles et al. 2015 described the usefulness of formulations of Brassica against root-
knot nematodes (M. javanica) in tomato crops. A glasshouse trial was conducted for
evaluating the antinemic potential of varied sources of glucosinolate (radish, mustard,
and cabbage) and Brassica-based formulations (cake, extract, and unmacerated) in
decreasing population of M. javanica on tomato. The results revealed that mustard
was the most influential brassica for managing nematodes, while other plant species
cabbage and radish also reduced the population of M. javanica as compared to
untreated control.
The higher plants constitute an important class of secondary metabolites
known as terpenoids, which exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities (Ohri
and Pannu 2009). Terpenoids are a large group of compounds derived from the
combination of several isoprene units. These volatile plant extracts are extracted
through the hydro-distillation process. The volatile characteristic of the family
poses them to act as attractants, which are explored for their wide application in
the agricultural industry. These differ from each other through a varied number of
functional groups present on them and carbon skeleton. These are classified into
hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterpenes, triterpenes,
tetraterpenes, and polyterpenes (Kaur et al. 2019). Isoterpenoids are the subclass
of the prenylipids, especially terpenes, sterols, and phenylquinones derived from
isoprene units. In the simple form of terpenoids, rishitin (phytoalexin from Solanum
tuberosum), α-humulene (Pinus massoniana), odaracin (Daphne odora), aldehydes
hemigossypol, and 6-methoxyhemigossypol (Gossypium hirsutum) were found
to be highly nematotoxic as these induce resistance against Ditylenchus dipsaci,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Aphelenchoides besseyi, and M. incognita. Others
include the alantolactone, solavetivone, odoratrin, and humulene which induce
resistance against various pathogenic nematodes (Khalil 2014). Terpenoids generally
induce the genotoxic effect which in turn activates the octapaminergic receptors (Enan
