Green chemistry and processes

343 Pages·2007·1.69 MB·English

by  Mukesh Doble

Green Chemistry
and Processes
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Green Chemistry
and Processes
Mukesh Doble
Professor, Department of Biotechnology,
India Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Anil Kumar Kruthiventi
Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry
Sri Sathya Sai University, India
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12-372532-5
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Dedications
I would like to dedicate this book to Geetha, Deepak, and Niharika.
—Mukesh
I would like to dedicate this book to Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba.
—Anil Kumar
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Contents
Preface xi
About the Authors . . . xv
1 Introduction 1
Defi nition of Green Chemistry 3
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry 3
Initiatives Taken Up by Countries Around the World 6
The Green Chemistry Expert System 7
How Green Chemistry Is Being Addressed 9
Cross Interactions from Green Chemistry 9
The Patent Scene 11
The Measure of Greenness 11
Safety and Risk Indices 15
Mass and Energy Indices 16
The Hierarchical Approach 17
The Sustainable Process Index 21
Conclusions 22
References 23
2 Newer Synthetic Methods 27
Introduction 27
Use of Microwaves for Synthesis 32
Electro-Organic Methods 33
Elegant and Cost-Effective Synthetic Design 33
Conclusions 37
References 39
vii
viii Contents
Appendix 2.1 40
References 42
Appendix 2.2 44
References 50
3 Catalysis and Green Chemistry 53
Catalysis and Green Chemistry 54
Conclusions 66
References 66
4 Biocatalysis: Green Chemistry 69
Introduction 69
Advantages Within Industrial Applications 70
Challenges to Make Biocatalysis Industrially Viable 71
Process Design 82
Future Trends 83
References 89
5 Alternate Solvents 93
Safer Solvents 94
Green Solvents 97
Water as Solvent 98
Solvent-Free Conditions 99
Ionic Liquids 99
Conclusions 103
References 104
6 Process and Operations 105
Industry Perception 107
Reactions 112
Reactor Designs 113
Micro Mixers 117
Unit Operations 121
Reactions with Separation Operations 135
Other New Reactor Designs 161
Process Integration 162
Conclusions 167
References 168
7 Alternate Energy Sources 171
Greenhouse Gases 172
Renewable Energy 187
Future Sources of Renewable Energy 190
Contents ix
Conclusions 190
References 191
8 Inherent Safety 193
Confl icts Due to Inherently Safe Designs 228
Conclusions 242
References 243
9 Industrial Examples 245
The Pharmaceutical Industries and Green Chemistry 252
The Polymer Industry 264
Pesticides, Antifoulants, and Herbicides 270
Solvents and Green Chemistry 274
The Food and Flavor Industry 277
The Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Process 280
Chelants 281
The Surfactant Industry 283
Industries in Need of Support to Go Green 284
The Semiconductor Manufacture Industry 284
The Dye Industry 285
The Textile Industry 286
The Tannery Industry 288
The Sugar and Distillery Industries 288
The Paper and Pulp Industry 289
The Pharmaceutical Industry 291
Conclusions 293
References 294
10 Conclusions and Future Trends 297
Energy 297
Process Intensifi cation 299
Biotechnology: The Solution to All Problems 302
Future Predictions 308
Conclusions 310
References 311
Index 313