Table Of ContentMahmoud H. El-Maghrabey
V. Sivasankar
Rania N. El-Shaheny Editors
Green Chemical
Analysis
and Sample
Preparations
Procedures, Instrumentation, Data
Metrics, and Sustainability
Green Chemical Analysis and Sample Preparations
Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey
V. Sivasankar • Rania N. El-Shaheny
Editors
Green Chemical Analysis
and Sample Preparations
Procedures, Instrumentation, Data Metrics,
and Sustainability
Editors
Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey V. Sivasankar
Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Post Graduate and Research Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Chemistry
Mansoura University Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to
Mansoura, Egypt University of Madras)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Rania N. El-Shaheny
Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy
Mansoura University
Mansoura, Egypt
ISBN 978-3-030-96533-4 ISBN 978-3-030-96534-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96534-1
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Preface
Sustainable development means the practice of development that satisfies the cur-
rent needs without affecting the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs.
One of the major factors affecting the state of sustainability is the chemical activi-
ties at both the industrial and the laboratory scale. The report of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development in 2001 stated that the production of
chemical goods increases by 3% annually while the global population increases at a
rate of 0.77% per year. In turn, this highlights the role of chemists for protecting the
environment and supporting sustainability. For these reasons, the chemical com-
munity adopts the approach of “green chemistry,” and the 12 principles of green
chemistry have been stated in 1998.
Despite analytical chemistry involves smaller quantities of chemicals and
reagents than synthetic chemical activities, the importance and extensive use of ana-
lytical methods made its impact very relevant. Thus, the environmental concerns
and the ecotoxicity alarm demand analytical chemists to work for introducing the
sustainable development concept to analytical chemistry laboratories to minimalize
their adverse effects on both the environment and humans.
Green Chemical Analysis and Sample Preparations depicts a wide range of the
most recent trends for greening analytical activities, beginning with an introduction
to green analytical chemistry followed by a discussion of green analytical chemistry
metrics and life-cycle assessment approach to analytical method development.
Chapters discuss profoundly two main topics: the first topic is the most recent tech-
niques for greening sample pretreatment steps, and the second one is the modern
trends for tailoring analytical techniques and instrumentation to implement the
green analytical chemistry concept. The role of different kinds of green solvents,
such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents, bio-based solvents,
and surfactants, as well as nanomaterials and green sorption materials in greening
sample extraction step is a focus of this book. Furthermore, different approaches for
greening chromatography as a key analytical technique are discussed. The applica-
tions of nanomaterials in analytical procedures are deeply reviewed. Miniaturization
of spectrometers is also discussed as a recently evolved approach for efficient green
on-site analysis.
v
vi Preface
This book appeals to a wide readership of academic and industrial researchers in
different fields. Besides, it can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and post-
graduate students focusing on development of new analytical procedures for organic
and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized
by complex matrices composition. We believe that it is an important addition for
researchers interested in chemical analysis while protecting the environment.
Eventually, we would like to mention that this book, “Green Chemical Analysis
and Sample Preparations”, comes in recognition of The 27th session of the
Conference of the Parties (COP 27) to the UNFCCC that will take place in Sharm
El-Sheikh, Egypt in November 2022. We hope that the efforts done in preparing this
book will help to get new ideas and solutions for greening the activities in analytical
chemistry laboratories and protecting the environment and human beings.
Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey and Rania N. El-Shaheny want to dedicate their
efforts and contributions in this book to their beloved son Yousef El-Maghrabey.
Mansoura, Egypt Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India V. Sivasankar
Rania N. El-Shaheny
Contents
1 Introduction to Green Analytical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Alisha Rani, Harminder Singh, Gurpreet Kaur,
and Jandeep Singh
2 Green Analytical Chemistry Metrics and Life-Cycle
Assessment Approach to Analytical Method Development . . . . . . . . . 29
Maha Mohamed Abdelrahman
3 Green Sorption Materials Used in Analytical Procedures . . . . . . . . . 101
David López-Iglesias, Alfonso Sierra-Padilla,
José María Palacios- Santander, Laura Cubillana-Aguilera,
and Juan José García-Guzmán
4 Application of Nanomaterials for Greener Sample Extraction . . . . . 171
Himshweta, Rajni Sharma, Neelam Verma, Minni Singh,
and Mohsen Asadnia
5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Green Approach
for Essential Oil Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Mohamed A. El Hamd, Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey,
Rania N. El-Shaheny, Ahmed E. Allam, and Fathalla Belal
6 Green Hydrotropic Technology as a Convenient Tool
for the Handling of Poor Water-Soluble Candidates
Proceeding Their Economic Analytical Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Mohamed A. El Hamd, Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey,
Saud Almawash, and Rania N. El-Shaheny
7 Ionic Liquids as Greener Solvents for Sample Pretreatment
of Environmental, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Samples . . . . . . . 311
Gopal Jeya, Ravikumar Dhanalakshmi, Ponmudi Priya,
and Vajiravelu Sivamurugan
vii
viii Contents
8 Functionally Modified Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents
for Extraction and Removal of Toxic Metal Ions
from Contaminated Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh,
and Harminder Singh
9 Deep Eutectic Solvents, Bio-Based Solvents, and Surfactant
for Green Sample Pretreatment and Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
J. Lakshmipraba and Rupesh N. Prabhu
10 Green Chromatography Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Surbhi Goyal, Rajni Sharma, Jagdish Singh,
and Mohsen Asadnia
11 Superheated Water Chromatography as a Greener
Separation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb
12 Applications of Nanomaterials for Greener Food Analysis . . . . . . . . . 471
Diksha Garg, Damnita Singh, Rajni Sharma, Neelam Verma,
Ranjeeta Bhari, and Mohsen Asadnia
13 Miniature Infrared Spectral Sensing Solutions for Ubiquitous
Analytical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Bassem Mortada, Yasser M. Sabry, Diaa Khalil,
and Tarik Bourouina
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Contributors
Maha Mohamed Abdelrahman Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni‐Suef University, Beni‐Suef, Egypt
Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed E. Allam Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar
University, Assiut, Egypt
Saud Almawash Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
Shaqra University, Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Mohsen Asadnia School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Fathalla Belal Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Ranjeeta Bhari Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department
of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Tarik Bourouina Université Paris-Est, ESYCOM (EA 2552), UPEMLV, ESIEE-
Paris, CNAM, Noisy-le-Grand, France
Laura Cubillana-Aguilera Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and
Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz,
Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
Ravikumar Dhanalakshmi PG and Research Department of Chemistry,
Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
ix
x Contributors
Department of Analytical Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals, Course of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University,
Nagasaki, Japan
Rania N. El-Shaheny Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Diksha Garg Biosensor Laboratory Technology, Department of Biotechnology,
Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Juan José García-Guzmán Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de
Cádiz (INIBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz,
Cádiz, Spain
Surbhi Goyal Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala,
Punjab, India
Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mata Gujri College,
Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
Mohamed A. El Hamd Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University,
Al Dawadmi, Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Himshweta Biosensor Laboratory Technology, Department of Biotechnology,
Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Gopal Jeya PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Gurpreet Kaur Department of Chemistry, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa
College, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Diaa Khalil Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
J. Lakshmipraba Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop
Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
David López-Iglesias Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials
(IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus
de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus
Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
Bassem Mortada Si-Ware Systems, Cairo, Egypt
José María Palacios-Santander Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy
and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of
Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
