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GREEK SCIENCE OF THE HELLENISTIC ERA
We all want to understand the world around us, and the ancient Greeks were the first to try to do so in a way we can properly call scientific. Their thought and writings
laid the essential foundations for the revivals of science in medieval Baghdad and renaissance Europe. Now their work is accessible to all, with this invaluable
introduction to almost a hundred scientific authors active from 320 BCE to 230 CE.
The book begins with an outline of a new sociopolitical model for the development and decline of Greek science. Eleven chapters of fully translated source material
follow, with the disciplines covered ranging from the science which the Greeks saw as fundamental—mathematics—through astronomy, astrology and geography,
mechanics, optics and pneumatics, and then on to the nonmathematical sciences of alchemy, biology, medicine, and “psychology.” Each chapter contains an accessible
introduction on the origins and development of the topic in question, and all the authors are set in context with brief biographies.
No other onevolume survey is as up to date, has such broad yet detailed coverage, or offers as many primary sources—several of which are not available
elsewhere. With clear, accurate translations, and numerous illustrations, this is an essential resource for students of the history of science in general, and ancient science
in particular.
Georgia L.IrbyMassie studied mathematics and classics at the University of Georgia, and took her PhD in classics at the University of Colorado. Her publications
include works on ancient religion, Roman epigraphy, and ancient science. She currently teaches classics at Louisiana State University.
Paul T.Keyser studied physics and classics at St. Andrew’s School, Duke, and Boulder. He did further study at the Center for Hellenic Studies, and has also taught
classics. His publications include work on gravitational physics, and on ancient science. He is currently crafting Java for IBM’s Watson Research Center.
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GREEK SCIENCE OF THE HELLENISTIC ERA
A Sourcebook
Georgia L.IrbyMassie and Paul T.Keyser
London and New York
Page iv
First published 2002
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2003.
Selection and editorial matter © 2002 Georgia L.IrbyMassie and Paul T.
Keyser. Individual contributions © 2002 the original copyright holders.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
IrbyMassie, Georgia L. (Georgia Lynette), 1965–
Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: a sourcebook/Georgia L.IrbyMassie and Paul
T.Keyser.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Science—Greece—History—To 1500. 2. Science, Ancient. I. Keyser, Paul T. (Paul
Turquand), 1957– II. Title.
Q127.G7 172 2002
509.38–dc21 2001041999
ISBN 0203469860 Master ebook ISBN
ISBN 0203243854 (OEB Format)
ISBN 0415238471 (hbk)
ISBN 041523848X (pbk)
Page v
BRIEF CONTENTS
Detailed contents vii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiv
Figure and maps credits xxix
Timeline of authors excerpted xxxi
Map 1 Greece and the Aegean region xxxvi
Map 2 The Mediterranean region xxxvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Mathematics 18
3 Astronomy 47
4 Astrology 82
5 Geography 113
6 Mechanics 150
7 Optics 180
8 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics 204
9 Alchemy 226
10 Biology: Botany and Zoology 255
11 Medicine 290
12 “Psychology” 331
Page vi
Bibliography 360
Sources of translations quoted 360
Texts newly translated 362
Works cited 364
Select further reading 368
Indexes 371
Index of term 371
Index of all metals, plants, stones, animals 375
Index of people (not including extracted authors) 378
Index of places 382
Concordance of passages cited (not excerpted) 385
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiv
Figure and maps credits xxix
Timeline of authors excerpted xxxi
Map 1 Greece and the Aegean region xxxvi
Map 2 The Mediterranean region xxxvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Mathematics 18
2.1 Eukleidês 20
Elements 1. Definitions: in plane geometry; Postulates; Common notions; 1.47: “Pythagoras’ Theorem”; 2.11: constructing the proportion
used in the Parthenon; 3.16: the infinitesimal “hornangle” between a circle and a tangent line; 7. Definitions: in number theory; 9.20: prime
numbers; 9.35: sum of geometric series; 10. Definitions: commensurable and incommensurable numbers; 10.1: Eudoxos’ approach to the limit
bypassing infinitesimals (‘‘exhaustion”); 10.3: greatest common divisor; 12.2: “exhaustion” used to determine circular area; 12.10: Demokritos’
theorem
2.2 Archimedes of Syracuse 27
Area of the Circle
Spirals Definitions 1
SandReckoner 3.1–4: expressing large numbers in baseonehundredmillion
Method Praeface: quadrature of the parabola
2.3 Eratosthenes of Kurênê 31
Duplication of the Cube: using a mechanical calculator similar to a sliderule
Epigram: on the same subject
Page viii
2.4 Apollonios of Pergê 32
Conics 1. Preface; Proposition 8: our “parabola”
2.5 Combinatorics 35
(in Plutarch, Dinnertable Talk 8.9)
2.6 Heron of Alexandria 35
Mensurations 1.8: area of triangle
2.7 Menelaus of Alexandria 36
Spherics 1. Definitions
2.8 Nikomachos of Gerasa 36
Introduction to Arithmetic 1.13: sieve of Eratosthenes; 2.8–10: polygonal numbers
2.9 Ptolemy of Alexandria 39
Syntaxis 1.10.1–10: Trigonometry
2.10 Diophantos of Alexandria 42
Arithmetika 1. Praeface: “Algebra”; 1.28: quadratic equations; 2.8:
2.11 Anatolios of Alexandria 43
On the Decade About the monad; About the heptad; About the decade
3 Astronomy 47
3.1 Autolukos of Pitanê 50
Moving Sphere 6
Risings and Settings 2.2–4
3.2 Klearchos of Cyprian Soloi 53
(title unknown): “Man in the moon”
3.3 Aristarchos of Samos 53
Sizes and Distances Hypotheses: sun and moon; 2
3.4 Chrusippos of Soloi 55
Providence Book 1: the kosmos periodically is consumed by flame and in a way reborn
3.5 Apollonios of Pergê 56
(title unknown): eccentric circular geocentric orbits are equivalent to epicyclic geocentric orbits
3.6 Hegesianax of Alexandria 57
Phainomena: the face in the moon
3.7 Hupsikles of Alexandria 57
Anaphorikos 4.1–4: rising times of zodiac signs
3.8 Hipparchos of Nikaia 59
(various works): length of the year
Displacement of the Solsticial and Equinoctial Points: star alignments; precession
3.9 Theodosios of Bithunia 62
Spherics 1. Definitions; 1.11; 1.17; 1.20; 2.1–2; 2.6–7
Page ix
3.10 Poseidonios of Apamea 64
(title unknown) fr. 131b EK: origin of comets
3.11 Alexander of Ephesos 65
(title unknown): harmony of the spheres
3.12 Anonymous (traditionally ascribed to Aristotle) 67
Kosmos 2 (392a6–31): aither, star material
3.13 Xenarchos of Kilikian Seleukeia 67
Against the Fifth Element 1–8
3.14 Geminus of Rhodes 69
Phainomena 1.13–17: solstices and equinoxes; 5.54–61, 68–69: horizon
3.15 Aristokles of Messênê 71
Philosophy, the Stoic doctrine of universal conflagration
3.16 Apollinarius (of Aizanoi?) 71
(title unknown): length of month
3.17 Plutarch of Chaironeia 72
The Face in the Moon 8 (924d–f): the moon could be “lunar” material in its proper place; 25 (940a–e): life on the moon?
3.18 Theon of Smurna 73
Mathematics 3.33: a quasiheliocentric theory
3.19 Ptolemy of Alexandria 74
Syntaxis 7.4 On the method used to record the positions of the fixed stars; 7.5; 9.2: planetary theory is much more difficult
Planetary Hypotheses 1.1.8: model of the sun; 1.2.2: arrangement of heavenly bodies; 2.3: the stars are divine and selfwilled bodies
3.20 Sosigenes the Peripatetic 80
On the Counteracting Spheres: varying distances from us of the planets
4 Astrology 82
4.1 Berôsos of Babylon 84
Babyloniaka Book 1 (fr. 4): the moon
4.2 Aratos of Soloi 85
Phainomena 19–44: stars and constellations: the Bears; 63–70: constellation of Herakles; 254–267: constellation of the Pleiades
4.3 Eratosthenes of Kurênê 87
Constellations 12: Leo; 43–44: Planets, and the ‘‘Milk”
4.4 Petosiris 88
fr. 7: signs from eclipses
fr. 10: signs from comets
4.5 Hipparchos of Nikaia 90
Commentary on Aratos’ “Phainomena” 3.5.1–6: rising times of the fixed stars
4.6 Imbrasios of Ephesos 92
Predictions about the Sick 2: lunar effects on illness; 13: moon in WaterPourer
Description:We all want to understand the world around us, and the ancient Greeks were the first to try and do so in a way we can properly call scientific. Their thought and writings laid the essential foundations for the revivals of science in medieval Baghdad and renaissance Europe. Now their work is accessib