Table Of ContentGray's Anatomy for Students,
3'd Edition
with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Drake, Vagi & Mitchell
2014. ISBN: 978-0-7020-5131-9
Gray's Anatomy for Students
Flash Cards, 3'd Edition
with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Drake, Vagi & Mitchell
2014. ISBN: 978-1-4557-5898-2
Gray's Atlas of Anatomy,
2•• Edition
with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Drake eta/.
2014. ISBN: 978-1-4557-4802-0
Gray's Anatomy Review
Laukas eta/.
2009. ISBN 978-0-443-06938-3
Clinical
Photographic
Dissector of the
iJ\i
Gray's Clinical Photographic
Dissector of the Human Body
with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Laukas, Benninger & Tubbs
2013. ISBN: 978-1-4377-2417-2
Gray's Basic Anatomy
with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Drake, Vagi & Mitchell
2013. ISBN: 978-1-4557-1078-2
Gray's Anatomy,
401h Edition
Expert Consult- Online and Print
Standring
2009. ISBN: 978-0-443-06684-9
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.......... An atom
for students
Richard L. Drake, PhD, FAAA
Director of Anatomy
Professor of Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
A. Wayne Vogl, PhD, FAAA
Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Adam W. M. Mitchell, MB BS, FRCS, FRCR
Consultant Radiologist
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Honorary Senior Lecturer Imperial College
London, United Kingdom
Illustrations by
Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson
Photographs by
Ansell Horn
THIRD
ELSEVIER
EDITION
CHURCHILL
LIVINGSTONE
ELSEVIER
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste. 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
GR AY'S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS, THIRD EDITION
International Edition
ISBN:
ISBN:
978-0-7020-5131-9
978-0-7020-5132-6
Copyright© 2015, 2010, 2005 by Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should
be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current
information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify
the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the
responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any
use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-7020-5131-9
VP Global Medical Education Content: Madelene Hyde
Senior Manager. Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: John Casey
Design Direction: Lou Forgione
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to collectively thank those who agreed
to examine earlier drafts of the book-anatomists, educators, and student members of the editorial review board
from around the world. Your input was invaluable.
We'd also like to thank Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson for their skill in turning our visual ideas into a
reality that is not only a foundation for the acquisition of
anatomical knowledge, but also is beautiful.
Thanks must also go to Madelene Hyde, Bill Schmitt,
Rebecca Gruliow, John Casey, and all the team at Elsevier
for guiding us through the preparation of this book.
We'd also like to thank Professor Richard A. Buckingham of the Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine, University of Illinois for the provision of Fig. 8 . 1 1 4B. Finally,
because we worked separately, distanced by, in some cases,
thousands of miles, there are various people who gave local
support, whom we would like to make mention of individually. We've gratefully listed them here:
Dr. Leonard Epp, Dr. Carl Morgan, Dr. Robert Shellhamer, and Dr. Robert Cardell who profoundly influenced my career as a scientist and an educator.
Richard L. Drake
Dr. Murray Morrison, Dr. Joanne Matsubara, Dr. Brian
Westerberg, Laura Hall, and Jing Cui, for contributing
images for the chapter on the head and neck.
Dr. Bruce Crawford and Logan Lee, for help with images
for the surface anatomy of the upper limb.
Professor Elizabeth Akesson and Dr. Donna Ford, for
their enthusiastic support and valuable critiques.
Dr. Sam Wiseman, for contributing surgical and other
images in the abdomen and head and neck chapters.
A. Wayne Vogl
Dr. Sahar Nasseri (senior specialist registrar) for help
with the images and text and adding critical analysis
on modern imaging.
Drs. J. Healy, J. Lee, G. Rajeswarren, R. Pearce and
B. Roberton for their support and constructive
criticism.
The radiology staff at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
and The Fortius Clinic.
In particular, Mr. Andrew Williams, FRCS, whose
relentless and unflagging support has been invaluable
(and he mended my leg!) .
Adam W M. Mitchell
Dr. Sydney Friedman, Dr. Elio Raviola, and Dr. Charles
Slonecker, for their inspiration and support and for
instilling in me a passion for the discipline of Anatomy.
Dedications
To my wife, Cheryl, who has supported me; and my parents, who have guided me.
-Richard L. Drake
To my family, to my professional colleagues and role models, and to my students-this book is for you.
-A. Wayne Vogl
To Cathy, Max, and Elsa
-Adam W M. Mitchell
vii
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Preface
The 3rd edition of Gray's Anatomy for Students builds on
the past and looks toward the future.
It maintains the goals and objectives of the 1 st and 2nd
editions while at the same time continuing to incorporate
input from our readers and adjusting the content to align
with the evolving educational environment.
One of the major focuses of our attention as we prepared the 3rd edition was clinical content. The reason for
this is that learning in context has become an important
theme not only in medical education but in anatomical
sciences education generally. We dealt with the clinical
content in two ways. First, we reevaluated and updated
the "In the clinic" boxes, clinical material in the body of
the text, clinical cases at the end of the chapters and in the
online resources, and in the surface anatomy section.
Second, we added new clinical material so that the reader
would have up-to-date examples relating anatomical information to clinical situations.
In addition to updating and revising the clinical
content, the section on cranial nerves has been significantly expanded. Understanding these important components of the nervous system is critical for students at
every level. To facilitate student learning a new figure
summarizing the location, function, and distribution of
each cranial nerve has been added, as has a new figure
summarizing how major structures, including cranial
nerves, enter and leave the cranial cavity. We also have
included a new figure illustrating the clinical importance
of vascular structures in and around the cranial cavity.
Another new feature in this edition relates to review
materials. While these useful study aids have always been
available on Student Consult as an online resource, in this
edition the appropriate review materials for each chapter
are listed at the beginning of that chapter. This information
includes an online anatomy and embryology self-study
course, medical clinical cases, physical therapy clinical
cases, self-assessment questions, and more.
We believe that with these changes the 3rd edition of
Gray's Anatomy for Students is a much improved version of
the 2nd edition and hope that the book will continue to be
a valuable learning resource for students.
Richard L. Drake
A. Wayne Vogl
Adam W. M. Mitchell
December 2 0 1 3
ix
