Table Of ContentGravitation, Electromagnetism
and Cosmology:
toward a new synthesis
Konrad Rudnicki
Edited by
Apeiron
Montreal
Published by C. Roy Keys Inc.
4405, rue St-Dominique
Montreal, Quebec H2W 2B2 Canada
http://redshift.vif.com
© C. Roy Keys Inc. 2001
First Published 2001
National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Gravitation, electromagnetism and cosmology: toward a new syn-
thesis
Based on papers originally presented at an international conference
on Redshifts and gravitation in a relativistic universe, held Sept.
17-20, 1999, Cesena, Italy.
ISBN 0-9683689-6-4
1. Gravitation. 2. Electromagnetism. 3. Cosmology. I. Rudnicki,
Konrad
QB981.G73 2001 530.11 C2001-900455-9
Cover design by Dominic Turgeon
I
NTRODUCTION
F
ritz Zwicky, the great 20th century astronomer, astrophysicist and
theoretical physicist, also dealt with methodology of research, which
is considered to be one of branches of the philosophy of science.
Zwicky, unlike most philosophers working in this area, not only discussed
methods used by others but applied his methodological ideas to a new practi-
cal approach in his highly successful scientific research. This approach
helped him to discover new objects and new facts. His activity in the fields of
the exact sciences and of philosophy in science formed an integral whole. He
advocated taking all possible, even exotic hypotheses into consideration, and
never adhering only to a single hypothesis. In his Morphological Astronomy
he wrote the following words, which should be taken as a fundamental prin-
ciple in all research:
If rain begins to fall on previously dry areas on the earth, the
water on the ground will make its way from high levels to low
levels in a variety of ways. Some of these ways will be more or
less obvious, predetermined by pronounced mountain forma-
tions and valleys, while others will appear more or less at ran-
dom. Whatever courses are being followed by the first waters,
their existence will largely prejudice those chosen by later
floods. A system of ruts will consequently be established which
has a high degree of permanence. The water rushing to the sea
will sift the earth in these ruts and leave the extended layers of
earth outside essentially unexplored. Just as the rains open up
the earth here and there, ideas unlock the doors to various as-
pects of life, fixing the attention of men on some aspects while
Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Cosmology: Toward a New Synthesis i
edited by Konrad Rudnicki (Montreal: Apeiron 2001)
ii Konrad Rudnicki, ed.
partly or entirely ignoring others. Once man is in a rut he seems
to have the urge to dig even deeper, and what often is most un-
fortunate, he does not take the excavated debris with him like
the waters, but throws it over the edge, thus covering up the un-
explored territory and making it impossible for him to see out-
side his rut. The mud he is throwing may even hit his
neighbours in the eyes, intentionally or unintentionally and
make it difficult for them to see anything at all.
This volume, devoted to the problems of relativity, gravitation and re-
lated issues in physics, presents papers delivered and/or discussed during the
conference “Redshifts and Gravitation in a Relativistic Universe” held in
Cesena on September 17-20th 1999. In a way, this conference represents a
response to Zwicky’s method, outlined above. Its main aim was to serve as a
forum for ideas and theories that go against the mainstream of science. Some
of the theories are already cast in their final form; some are just rough ideas
still undergoing development. Not all of them will prove correct, just as not
all of the mainstream theories are wrong. Only reality is an absolute truth,
while our theories have only approximate validity. The great German thinker
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: not distinguishing between reality and
theory is like not distinguishing between a building and its scaffolding. Theo-
ries are tools, not objects of scientific investigation, but indispensable tools.
Only a wide variety of tools can enable us to carry out such a complicated
task as scientific research.
In addition, a wide variety of observed phenomena have to be taken into
consideration in a properly organized scientific investigation. Some phenom-
ena which are seldom mentioned by others—such as quantization of red-
shifts—are discussed in this volume.
Some of the papers are presented here in more or less the same form in
which they were delivered during the conference. Some were reworked more
recently and take a final form different from the presentation. No minutes of
the extensive discussion in the conference auditorium or the more lively
discussions that continued during breaks and around dinner tables were re-
corded. In some cases the discussions are reflected in the final shape of the
papers. Two of the papers included here were not presented as such during
the conference, but their content was mentioned and taken under considera-
Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Cosmology iii
tion during the debate. This volume therefore should not be regarded as a
formal proceedings of the Cesena Conference, although it does fairly reflect
the substance of the event.
In his contribution A.K.T. Assis proposes the principle of physical pro-
portions, according to which all laws of physics can depend only on the ratio
of known quantities of the same type. An alternative formulation is that all
universal constants of physics (G, c, Planck’s constant, Boltzmann’s con-
stant, etc.) must depend on cosmological or microscopic properties of the
universe. There is a discussion of laws satisfying this principle and of other
laws which do not follow it, implying that the corresponding theories must be
incomplete. The author shows how to implement this principle by means of
his theory of Relational Mechanics, as set out in the book of the same title
(Apeiron, Montreal, 1999).
The paper presented by H. Broberg is based on the equivalence between
gravitation and acceleration, initially suggested by Einstein. This introduces a
new geometric approach to quantum gravity, the missing link to unification,
extended to a discussion of energy flows in the vacuum as the key mecha-
nism of the gravitational process. His ideas also relate to string theory in a
scenario where the extra dimension, representing the “thickness of the line,”
can be allowed to exist from the Planck length up to the Hubble scale.
An alternative picture of the structure of galaxies is proposed in the pa-
per by Marek Biesiada, Konrad Rudnicki and Jacek Syska. The authors dis-
cuss the possible explanation of dynamical properties of galaxies with the
theory of dilatonic balls using six-dimensional space.
In the paper “Electromagnetism and Cosmology” by Edward Kapuścik a
rather convincing argument is given that the correct unification of electro-
magnetism and gravity should start from some elementary and basic proto-
fields which are neither electromagnetic or gravitational fields. The presently
observed division of fundamental interactions into gravitational and electro-
magnic must be achieved by constructing composite fields from the proto-
fields. In addition to the field equations, the gauge conditions also express
physical laws and determine these composite fields. The last statement con-
tradicts the point of view commonly adopted, which treats the gauge fields as
auxiliary quantities.
Two papers by F. Selleri show that transformations of space and time
between inertial systems exist which are almost empirically equivalent to the
iv Konrad Rudnicki, ed.
Lorentz transformations. They contain a free parameter e , the coefficient of
1
x in the transformation of time. He shows that Michelson type experiments,
aberration, occultation of Jupiter satellites, and radar ranging of planets are
insensitive to the choice of e . An exception is represented by experiments in
1
slowly accelerated frames, e.g., those concerning the Sagnac effect. The best
choice emerging from Selleri’s work is where the parameter e =0, i.e., a
1
theory different from Special Relativity.
One of the goals of the Cesena conference was to find common ground
among the dissidents beyond their certitude that some mainstream models are
wrong. That proved surprisingly difficult, and the discussions showed why—
we differed about which fundamental starting points were a valid basis for
building models. Should model-building be driven my math or by physics?
Are singularities allowed by reality? Can matter and energy be created or
destroyed? Must the causality principle be respected? And so forth. One
session on the last day of the conference was devoted to a discussion of these
points, and we found that no unanimity existed about any of them. That led
directly to the contribution by Van Flandern, “Physics has its Principles,”
which attempts to examine several such fundamental principles and show the
consequences in each case of making a wrong assumption about its applica-
bility or non-applicability. Whether or not this initial effort brings dissident
views closer, it has certainly highlighted the points that must be resolved for
any hope of a convergence of models and viewpoints in the future.
Many physicists point to the proper functioning of the International
Atomic Time system (TAI) in order to support the postulate of Special Rela-
tivity Theory about the one-way isotropy of light velocity in every inertial
system, which has never been demonstrated. Contrary to this view, Manaresi
demonstrates that the proper functioning of the TAI system does not imply
the one-way isotropy of light on the moving Earth. This means that the sec-
ond postulate of Special Relativity still remains merely conventional.
Astronomical observations show that some fundamental cosmic proper-
ties come in discrete values. The ratio of observed properties, such as redshift
or mass, for example, yields a ubiquitous factor of 1.23. In the paper by A.
and J Rubčić and H. Arp in this volume the properties of fundamental parti-
cles such as leptons and quarks are examined. The surprising result is that
they also obey this “quantization” rule. While there is no current explanation,
these empirical results point to similar physical laws which extend from the
Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Cosmology v
smallest to the largest entities in the universe. This may lead to a physical
understanding of redshift quantization.
A very straightforward paper by K. Rudnicki, W. Godłowski and A.
Magdziarz presents a statistical elaboration of a very small sample of objects
within the Iwanowska lines of galaxies and globular clusters. It shows that
globular clusters, even located together with galaxies on the same lines, do
not show redshift periodisation, whereas the galaxies do show the periodisa-
tion.
B. Bligh starts with some basic notions of thermodynamics to expose
some of the errors made by cosmologists. Thermodynamic calculations re-
quire an energy balance. He then presents calculations on the Hot Big Bang
Theory using data provided by cosmologists. The results are presented in a
table and graphs which show that the Big Bang Theory cannot be true. Mr.
Bligh also explains that thermodynamic calculations are most easily done
with the aid of a temperature-entropy diagram for hydrogen, a method that is
demonstrated in detail in his book The Big Bang Exploded!
Lastly, the paper by Cardone and Mignani deals with a problem that has
been the subject of long-standing debate in the literature, namely the possi-
bility of a breakdown of local Lorentz invariance (a subject revived in recent
years, e.g., by S. Coleman, S.L. Glashow and R. Jackiw). In their paper,
Cardone and Mignani report the preliminary positive results of an experiment
which seems to evidence a DC voltage across a conductor induced by the
static magnetic field of a coil. This intriguing finding ought, of course, to be
confirmed by further independent tests, aimed at excluding possible gravita-
tional effects, among the other things.
Konrad Rudnicki
Table of Contents
A.K.T. Assis
Applications of the Principle of Physical Proportions
to Gravitation..........................................................................................................1
Henrik Broberg
The Geometry of Acceleration in Space-Time:
Application to the Gravitational Field and Particles ..............................................9
M. Biesiada, K. Rudnicki, J. Syska
An Alternative Picture of the Structure of Galaxies..............................................31
Edward Kapuścik
Electromagnetism and Cosmology.......................................................................49
F. Selleri
Space and Time should be Preferred to Spacetime - 1..........................................57
F. Selleri
Space and Time should be Preferred to Spacetime - 2..........................................73
Tom Van Flandern
Physics Has its Principles.....................................................................................87
Romano Manaresi
International Atomic Time and the One-Way Speed of Light............................103
A. Rubčić, J. Rubčić, H. Arp
New Empirical Clues for the Factor 1.23............................................................115
Konrad Rudnicki, Włodzimierz Godłowski, Anna Magdziarz
Testing the Hypothesis of Redshift Quantization in Iwanowska
Galaxy Lines Connected with our Galaxy and M31...........................................133
Bernard R. Bligh
Application of Thermodynamics to Cosmology.................................................143
Fabio Cardone and Roberto Mignani
On Possible Experimental Evidence for a Breakdown of Local
Lorentz Invariance..............................................................................................165
