Table Of ContentGRAVE NEW WORLD
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Yvonne, Helena, Olivia and Sophie
CONTENTS
Prologue: A Victorian Perspective on Globalization
Introduction: The Andalucían Shock
Part One Paradise Lost
1 False Prophets, Harsh Truths
2 The New Imperium
3 Relative Success
4 Pride and the Fall
Part Two States, Elites, Communities
5 Globalization and Nation States
6 The Spirit of Elitism
7 Competing Communities, Competing Histories
Part Three Twenty-First-Century Challenges
8 People and Places
9 The Dark Side of Technology
10 Debasing the Coinage
Part Four Globalization in Crisis
11 Obligations and Impossible Solutions
Epilogue: A 2044 Republican Fundraiser
Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Index
PROLOGUE
A Victorian Perspective on Globalization
… we have now reached the third stage in our history, and the true conception of our Empire.
What is that conception? As regards the self-governing colonies we no longer talk of them as
dependencies. The sense of possession has given place to the sense of kinship. We think and speak of
them as part of ourselves, as part of the British Empire, united to us, although they may be dispersed
throughout the world, by ties of kindred, of religion, of history, and of language, and joined to us by the
seas that formerly seemed to divide us. But the British Empire is not confined to the self-governing
colonies and the United Kingdom. It includes a much greater area, a much more numerous population
in tropical climes, where no considerable European settlement is possible, and where the native
population must always outnumber the white inhabitants … Here also the sense of possession has given
way to a different sentiment – the sense of obligation. We feel now that our rule over these territories
can only be justified if we can show that it adds to the happiness and prosperity of the people …
In carrying out this work of civilization we are fulfilling what I believe to be our national mission,
and we are finding scope for the exercise of those faculties and qualities which have made us a great
governing race …
No doubt, in the first instance, when those conquests have been made, there has been bloodshed,
there has been loss of life among the native populations, loss of still more precious lives among those
who have been sent out to bring these countries into some kind of disciplined order [but] … You cannot
have omelettes without breaking eggs; you cannot destroy the practices of barbarism, of slavery, of
superstition, which for centuries have desolated the interior of Africa, without the use of force … Great
is the task, great is the responsibility, but great is the honour: and I am convinced that the conscience
and the spirit of the country will rise to the height of its obligations, and that we shall have the strength
to fulfil the mission which our history and our national character have imposed upon us.
… the tendency of the time is to throw all power into the hands of the greater empires … But, if
Greater Britain remains united, no empire in the world can ever surpass it in area, in population, in
wealth, or in the diversity of its resources …
Extracts from a speech by Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the
Colonies, at the annual dinner of the Royal Colonial Institute,
31 March 1897
INTRODUCTION
The Andalucían Shock
ONE-WAY TRAFFIC
Globalization is often regarded as ‘one-way traffic’. In the modern age, we think
of extraordinary advances in technology that allow us to connect in so many
remarkable – and increasingly inexpensive – ways. We can communicate
verbally and pictorially through WhatsApp, Twitter and Facebook. We can talk
to each other via FaceTime and Skype. We can search for recipes and the
structure of the human brain through Google. We can purchase chicken madras
and salmon nigiri over the internet and have them brought to our homes via local
delivery services. We can stream music for free thanks to Spotify and watch our
favourite artists and cat videos on YouTube or Vevo. We can download
television programmes and movies to watch at our convenience. We can more
easily pry into the affairs of the rest of the world (and, equally, the rest of the
world can more easily pry into our affairs).
Seen through these technological advances, it is easy to believe that
globalization is inevitable; that distances are becoming ever shorter; that national
borders are slowly dissolving; and that, whether we like it or not, we live in a
single global marketplace for goods, services, capital and labour.
IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT TECHNOLOGY
Technology alone, however, does not determine globalization, and nor does it
rule out competing versions of globalization at any one moment in time. If
technology was the only thing that mattered, the Western Roman Empire –
among other things, an incredibly sophisticated technological and logistical
infrastructure – would never have come to an ignominious end in ad 476; the
Chinese, with their superior naval technologies, would have been busily
colonizing the Americas in the early sixteenth century, preventing Spain and, by
implication, the rest of Western Europe from gaining a foothold; the British
Empire would today still be thriving, thanks to the huge advantages it gained
from the Industrial Revolution; the Cold War – which ultimately offered two
competing versions of globalization associated with an uneasy nuclear stand-off
– would never have happened; and today’s ‘failed states’ – suffering from
disconnections both internally and with the rest of the world – would be a
contradiction in terms. Globalization is driven not just by technological advance,
but also by the development – and demise – of the ideas and institutions that
form our politics, frame our economies and fashion our financial systems both
Description:A controversial look at the end of globalization and what it means for prosperity, peace, and the global economic order Globalization, long considered the best route to economic prosperity, is not inevitable. An approach built on the principles of free trade and, since the 1980s, open capital market
