Grasses : systematics and evolution

417 Pages·2000·11.675 MB·English

by  Joy Everett, Surrey W L Jacobs

Grasses
S
YSTEMATICS AND
E
VOLUTION
S W. L. J J E ( )
URREY ACOBS AND OY VERETT EDITORS
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution (3rd : 1998).
Grasses : systematics and evolution.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 0 643 06438 9 (hardback).
ISBN 0 643 06393 5 (set).
ISBN 0 643 09010 X (eBook).
1. Grasses – Congresses.
I. Jacobs, S.W.L. (Surrey W. L.)
II. Everett, Joy.
III. Title.
584.9
© CSIRO 2000
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C
ONTENTS
GENERAL
A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae), as Inferred from Eight Character Sets 3
The Grass Phylogeny Working Group (GPWG)
A Systematic View of the Development of Vascular Systems in Culms and
Inflorescences of Grasses 8
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato
The Grass Inflorescence 29
C. Vegetti and Ana M. Anton
BAMBOOS
Phylogeny and Classification of the Bambusoideae (Poaceae) 35
Weiping Zhang and Lynn G. Clark
Woody Bamboos (Gramineae-Bambusoideae) of Madagascar 43
Soejatmi Dransfield
Preliminary Studies on Taxonomy and Biosystematics of the AA Genome
Oryza Species (Poaceae) 51
Bao-Rong Lu, Ma. Elizabeth B. Naredo, Amita B. Juliano, and Michael T. Jackson
POOIDS
Phylogenetic Structure in Poaceae Subfamily Pooideae as Inferred from
Molecular and Morphological Characters: Misclassification versus Reticulation 61
Robert J. Soreng, and Jerrold I. Davis
Relationships within the Stipoid Grasses (Gramineae) 75
S.W.L. Jacobs, Joy Everett, Mary E. Barkworth and Cathy Hsiao
Preliminary Views on the Tribe Meliceae (Gramineae: Pooideae) 83
Teresa Mejia-Saulés and Frank A. Bisby
The Species of Bromus (Poaceae: Bromeae) in South America 89
Ana M. Planchuelo and Paul M. Peterson
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Triticeae Using the Starch Synthase Gene, and
a Preliminary Analysis of some North American Elymus species 102
Roberta J. Mason-Gamer and Elizabeth A. Kellogg
Changing Perceptions of the Triticeae 110
Mary E. Barkworth
III
PANICOIDS
A Cladistic Analysis of the Paniceae: a Preliminary Approach 123
Fernando O. Zuloaga, Osvaldo Morrone and Liliana M. Giussani
Phylogeny of the Subfamily Panicoideae with Emphasis on the
Tribe Paniceae: Evidence from the trnL-F cpDNA Region 136
Rosalba Gómez-Martínez and Alastair Culham
Austral South American Species of Eriochloa 141
Mirta O. Arriaga
Molecular and Morphological Evolution in the Andropogoneae 149
Elizabeth A. Kellogg
The Relation of Space and Geography to Cladogenic Events in Agenium and
Homozeugos (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) in South America and Africa 159
Gerald F. Guala
Andropogoneae Systematics and Generic Limits in Sorghum 167
Russell E. Spangler
CHLORIDOIDS
Phylogenetic Relationships in Subfamily Chloridoideae (Poaceae) Based on
matK Sequences: A Preliminary Assessment 173
K. W. Hilu and L. A. Alice
On the Classification of the Chloridoideae: Results from Morphological and
Leaf Anatomical Data Analyses 180
An Van den Borre and Leslie Watson
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genus Sporobolus (Poaceae: Eragrostideae)
Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Sequences 184
Juan-Javier Ortiz-Diaz and Alastair Culham
Phylogenetics of Bouteloua and Relatives (Gramineae: Chloridoideae):
Cladistic Parsimony Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA)
and trnL-F (cpDNA) Sequences 189
J. Travis Columbus, Michael S. Kinney, Maria Elena Siqueiros Delgado, and J. Mark Porter
Systematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae) 195
Paul M. Peterson
A Phylogeny of Triodieae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) based on the
ITS Region of nrDNA: Testing Conflict between Anatomical and
Inflorescence Characters 213
J.G. Mant, R.J. Bayer, M.D. Crisp, and J.W.H. Trueman
ARUNDINOIDS
The Danthonieae: Generic Composition and Relationships 221
Nigel P. Barker, Cynthia M. Morton, and H. Peter Linder
Biogeography of the Danthonieae 231
H.P. Linder and N.P. Barker
IV
PHYSIOLOGY/ECOLOGY
Contributions of Prolamin Size Diversity and Structure to the Systematics
of the Poaceae 241
K.W. Hilu
Ecological Significance of South-West African Grass Leaf Phytoliths: A Climatic
Response of Vegetation Biomes to Modern Aridification Trends 248
Christian Mulder and Roger P. Ellis
Effects of Elevated Atmospheric [CO ] in Panicum Species of Different
2
Photosynthetic Modes (Poaceae: Panicoideae) 259
Claudia Tipping and David R. Murray
Ecophysiological Investigations of the Distribution of Poaceae and
Restionaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa 267
T. L. Bell, W. D. Stock and H. P. Linder
BREEDING SYSTEMS
Adaptive Plasticity in Reproduction and Reproductive Systems of Grasses 281
James A. Quinn
Dioecism in Grasses in Argentina 287
H.E. Connor, Ana M. Anton and Marta E. Astegiano
Apomixis and Amphimixis Comparative Biogeography: a Study in
Poa (Poaceae) 294
Robert J. Soreng
Comparative Reproductive Biology of the Vulnerable and Common Grasses in
Bothriochloa and Dichanthium 307
Ping Yu, N. Prakash and R. D. B. Whalley
Apomixis in Monocotyledons 316
R. Czapik
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Chorology of Grasses – a Review 325
T.A. Cope
Grasses in North America: A Geographic Perspective 331
Mary E. Barkworth and Kathleen M. Capels
Tropical Grasslands and Savannas 351
Robert B. Shaw
Temperate Grasslands of the Southern Hemisphere 356
R.H. Groves
Future of Temperate Natural Grasslands in the Northern Hemisphere 361
Arthur W. Bailey
Endemic Grass Genera of Maharashtra State, Peninsular India 369
C.B. Salunkhe
INDEX
V
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P
REFACE
The grass family is the single most important family of organisms The Third International Symposium on Grass Systematics and
for the survival of mankind. Of the top ten crops we use to sus- Evolution was held in Sydney in the week beginning 28th Sep-
tain ourselves (directly or indirectly as stock feed), the first ten tember 1998, concurrently with the Second International Con-
are all grasses. An understanding of the relationships and charac- ference on Monocot Systematics. This was the first time that the
teristics of grasses has played an important role so far in our his- two areas of Grass and Monocot research had joined together. So
tory, and the importance of that role can only increase as we many of the methods and philosophies are now universally
struggle to balance exploitation, sustainability and conservation. adopted that it seemed ideal that researchers had the opportunity
to attend a wide range of presentations. With increasing interest
There is some discussion as to when the ‘first’ international in evolutionary studies, few families can be studied in isolation.
meeting on the systematics and evolution of the grasses was held. To this end the first session of each day’s grass program was held
A meeting was held in 1959 as a special session of the Ninth jointly with the general monocots session, with the latter part of
International Botanical Congress in Montreal. It took 27 years the day devoted to grasses.
before the next International Symposium occurred at the Smith-
sonian Institution in 1986 and, while the Symposium was adver- The grasses are a family with confusing relationships, with differ-
tised as ‘The First …’ the publication did not include that word. ent data sets suggesting different arrangements. The develop-
In the period between the Montreal and Smithsonian meetings, ment of techniques to obtain and analyse molecular data has
work on molecular evolution, physiology and numerical meth- meant the dawning of a new age in the study of the grasses. It
seems we have been given a key to a whole new suite of rooms
ods had revolutionised many areas of grass research. The Smith-
previously hidden behind the dark curtains of hybridisation,
sonian meeting was an inspiration to the 150 participants from
polyploidy and reticulate evolution. Numerical and DNA analy-
around the world, and the published proceedings, including
ses are developing to a point where they are contributing to the
many review papers, took its place as a new benchmark and
interpretation of relationships in the cloudiest of tribes. Even
major reference for further work in all of the tribes. And so it
though we have these new data, the role of more traditional
seemed essential to hold the next meeting on the grasses without
information on breeding systems, genetic control, developmental
such a long gap. There was a further little-publicised Conference
studies and biogeography is becoming increasingly important as
held at the Main Botanical Garden, Moscow in 1994 but inter-
we aim to assemble corroborative and/or multi-sourced data
national attendance at this conference was very restricted.
matrices. The development of statistical methods for testing
It was 13 years after the Smithsonian Symposium before the Syd- molecular hypotheses still has some way to go, and corroboration
ney commitment to hold the 2nd International Monocot Sym- with independent data sets still has an important role to play.
posium coincided with a request from some of the organisers of
There were 42 lectures on grass systematics and evolution, 34 of
the Smithsonian Symposium for us to host the next Interna-
which are published here, along with two others presented in the
tional Grass Symposium. It quickly became clear that the most
‘general’ sessions of Monocots II, and the grass presentation on
efficient way of doing this, from both a pragmatic and scientific
composition of cell walls was combined to make a single presen-
point of view, was to hold them jointly. This presented great
tation in the first volume. Of the 75 posters at Monocots II, pre-
opportunities to form new research associations and generally
senters of six of the many high quality contributions presenting
have a good time with others interested in similar research sub-
research on grasses were invited to elaborate and present them as
jects. If all goes well the next grass symposium should obey the
papers to be included in this volume. All manuscripts submitted
inverse exponential rule and occur approximately 6 years from
were refereed.
Monocots II, such is the rate of research on this important eco-
nomic group. Joy Everett and Surrey Jacobs
VII
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ORGANISING COMMITTEE OF MONOCOTS II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney: Barbara Briggs, Joy Everett,
Our thanks go to our sponsors, whose assistance made the con-
Gwen Harden, Alistair Hay, Surrey Jacobs, Peter Weston, Karen
ference feasible:
Wilson
• University of New South Wales
University of New England: Jeremy Bruhl
• Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney
University of New South Wales: Christopher Quinn
University of Sydney: Murray Henwood • Orlando Wyndham Wines
University of Technology, Sydney: David Morrison • Australian Systematic Botany Society
• Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales
• Swane’s Garden Centre
• Ansett Australia Airlines
Australian Systematic Botany Society
IX