Table Of ContentEBOOKS Graphical Thermodynamics and H
THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENERGY
E
FOR THE Ideal Gas Power Cycles L
A
ENGINEERING COLLECTION
ENGINEERING L
Ideal Gas Thermodynamics in Brief
LIBRARY Derek Dunn-Rankin, Collection Editor
Mufi d I. Helal
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In this book, an almost new approach to modern thermodynamics
Bundle — the more has been applied. One or more useful qualitative discussion state-
books you buy, ments have been extracted from each equation. These and other Graphical
the higher your important statements were numbered and their titles were situ-
ated in an index titled “Helal and Others’ statements, defi nitions
discount!
and rules.” This ensures very quick obtaining of the required state-
ments, rules, defi nitions, equations, and their theoretical base that
THE CONTENT Thermodynamics
will ease readers, qualitative discussions and calculations. G
• Manufacturing R
Almost all ideal gas closed system thermodynamic topics are
A
Engineering
either discussed in depth or deeply abbreviated. The topics dis- P
• Mechanical cussed in depth are either new original ones or valuable classical IDH
and Ideal Gas
& Chemical ones that increase the ability for better understanding but are over- EIC
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Engineering looked or deeply abbreviated in modern thermodynamic books. In A
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• Materials Science both cases, they are signifi cantly improved. The main fi ve new ideas L
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T
& Engineering that are discussed in depth in this book are: AH
Power Cycles
• Civil & SE
Environmental · The ideal gas polytropic process for Cv = f(T) and its analysis, PR
· The theoretical realization of reversible gas state change OM
Engineering
processes, WO
• Advanced Energy
· Helal cycle, ED Ideal Gas Thermodynamics
Technologies
· Helal graphical method for comparing and discussing power RY
cycles, CN
THE TERMS · The imperfection in the classical proof of Carnot’s effi ciency YA in Brief
CM
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The deeply abbreviated topics are rigorously discussed in depth SS
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in the majority of modern thermodynamic books. To dissipate any A
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understood are followed by explanatory sentences.
concurrent usage
• Downloadable PDFs Mufi d I. Helal (born 1940 in Syria) completed his high school in
• Free MARC records 1958 and obtained his PhD in technology from Moscow Power
Institute in 1972. Since then he has held a number of academic
For further information, positions at the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Mufi d I. Helal
a free trial, or to order, Damascus University, Syria until his retirement in December 2012.
contact: His latest published book is Technical Thermodynamics, which was
[email protected] published in 2006.
GRAPHICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
AND IDEAL GAS
POWER CYCLES
GRAPHICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
AND IDEAL GAS
POWER CYCLES
IDEAL GAS THERMODYNAMICS IN BRIEF
MOUFID I. HELAL
Graphical Thermodynamics and Ideal Gas Power Cycles: Ideal Gas
Thermodynamics in Brief
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2017.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 250 words, without the prior permission of
the publisher.
First published in 2017 by
Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-506-9 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-507-6 (e-book)
Momentum Press Thermal Science and Energy Engineering Collection
Cover and interior design by S4Carlisle Publishing Service Private Ltd.
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
A
BSTRACT
In this book, an almost new approach to modern thermodynamics has been
applied. One or more useful qualitative discussion statements have been
extracted from each equation. These and other important statements were
numbered and their titles were situated in an index entitled “Helal and
Others’ statements, definitions and rules.” This ensures very quick obtain-
ing of the required (for discussing and solving problems) statements, rules,
definitions, equations, and their theoretical base that much eases reader’s
qualitative discussions and calculations. Almost all ideal gas closed
system thermodynamic topics are either discussed in depth or deeply
abbreviated. The topics discussed in depth are either new original ones or
valuable classical ones that increase reader’s ability for better understand-
ing but are overlooked or deeply abbreviated in modern thermodynamic
books. In both cases, they are significantly improved. The main five new
ideas that are discussed in depth in this book are: (1) The ideal gas
polytropic process for C = f(T) and its analysis (Chapter 6, Part I), (2) The
v
theoretical realization of reversible gas state change processes (§ 5-10),
(3) Helal cycle (§s 7-5-2), (4) Helal graphical method for comparing and
discussing power cycles (§ 7-5-4), and (5) the imperfection in the classical
proof of Carnot’s efficiency (theorem) and its exclusion (Chapter 7, final
section). The deeply abbreviated topics are rigorously discussed in depth
in the majority of modern thermodynamic books. To dissipate any misun-
derstanding, the equations and statements that can be misunderstood are
followed by explanatory sentences (see equation 1-38 and the paragraph
following it).
KEYWORDS
absolutely reversible cycle; Carnot; Carnot’s efficiency; closed thermody-
namic system; cycle’s ability for heat regeneration; the equivalent
vi • ABSTRACT
thermodynamic cycles; Ericsson and Dual cycles; Helal air standard cycle;
Helal method; heat regeneration; ideal gas property tables; the imperfec-
tion in the classical proof of Carnot’s efficiency (theorem) and its exclu-
sion; a new, polytropic ideal gas state change process; polytropic state
change process; the regeneratability condition; reversible cycle recogniz-
ing thermodynamic properties; second law of thermodynamics; Stirling
cycle; the theoretical realization of reversible gas state change processes;
thermal efficiency.
C
ONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES XV
LIST OF TABLES XIX
PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXV
NOMENCLATURE XXVII
1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 1
1.1 Unit Systems 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 The International System of Units 2
1.1.2.1 Deriving some secondary units from
the primary ones 5
1.1.3 The U.S. customary system (also known as
the English system) 6
1.1.4 The technical unit system 6
1.1.5 Force and mass main units’ conversions 7
1.1.6 Weight of a body 8
1.1.7 Pressure units 8
1.1.8 Others’ definitions 9
1.1.9 Energy units 10
1.1.10 Temperature units 12
1.1.11 About dimensions’ units in the calculating
equations 15
1.2 Calculations and Discussions in Thermodynamics 17
1.2.1 Calculating the area under a plane curve 20
1.2.1.1 Graphical calculation of the area
under y = f(x) curve 34
viii • CONTENTS
1.2.1.2 Analytical calculation of the
area under y = f(x) curve 38
1.2.1.3 Tabular calculation of the
area under y = f(x) curve 39
1.2.2 Tabular determination of y-value versus a
given x-value 40
1.2.3 Difference between two functions of the
same variable 42
1.3 Summary 48
Chapter Endnotes 49
2. THE WORKING FLUID AND ITS BASIC PROPERTIES 51
2.1 Energy and Its Transformations 51
2.1.1 Introduction 51
2.1.2 Types of energy 51
2.1.3 Energy transformation 52
2.2 The Heat Engine 52
2.3 The Process of Transforming Thermal Energy into
Mechanical in Heat Engines 55
2.3.1 Internal combustion engines (in the broad sense) 56
2.3.2 External combustion engines 58
2.4 Basic Concepts and Definitions 58
2.4.1 Introduction 58
2.4.2 The pure substance and its molecules 58
2.4.3 Intermolecular Forces 65
2.4.4 The ideal and real gas subphases 65
2.4.5 The thermodynamic system (the system) 67
2.4.5.1 Introduction 67
2.4.5.2 Types of thermodynamic systems 67
2.4.6 Introduction to the kinetic-molecular theory 69
2.4.7 The state of a gas 70
2.4.7.1 The definition of the state of a system 71
2.4.7.2 The equilibrium state 74
2.4.7.3 Some state properties 75
2.4.8 Modes of Work 78
CONTENTS • ix
2.4.9 The Simple Compressible Substance and
the Simple Compressible System 78
2.4.10 The State Change Processes of a System (Gas) 80
2.4.11 The thermodynamic cycle 80
2.4.12 The equilibrium process and the conditions
to realize it 81
2.4.12.1 The equilibrium process 81
2.4.12.2 The conditions for achieving
an equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium)
process 82
2.4.12.3 The minimum required number of
MRs to achieve an equilibrium
(quasi-equilibrium) WF state
change process 84
2.4.13 The reversible process and the conditions
to realize it 85
2.4.13.1 The definitions of the reversible
process 85
2.4.13.2 The practiced in thermodynamics
conditions for achieving a reversible
process 86
2.4.13.3 Irreversible processes 87
2.4.13.4 The internally reversible processes 88
2.5 Ideal-Gas Laws 89
2.5.1 Introduction 89
2.5.2 Ideal-gas equation of state
(Clapeyron equation) ABR 90
2.5.3 Avogadro’s law 92
2.5.3.1 Others’ statements (OSs) 92
2.6 Ideal-Gas Mixtures 94
2.6.1 The laws of ideal-gas mixtures that can
be derived on the basis of the kinetic
molecular theory 95
2.6.1.1 Dalton’s law 96
2.6.1.2 Amagat’s law 96
2.6.2 Gas mixture composition 96
