Graphene Photonics, Optoelectronics, and Plasmonics

205 Pages·2017·22.483 MB·English

by  Qiaoliang Bao, Huiying Hoh, Yupeng Zhang

Graphene Photonics,
Optoelectronics, and
Plasmonics

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Graphene Photonics,
Optoelectronics, and
Plasmonics
edited by
editors Qiaoliang Bao
Preben Maegaard
Hui Ying Hoh
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz Yupeng Zhang
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
May23,2017 9:34 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Qiaoliong-Bao-Prelims
Publishedby
PanStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
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GraphenePhotonics,Optoelectronics,andPlasmonics
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ISBN978-981-4745-60-4(Hardcover)
ISBN978-1-315-19667-1(eBook)
PrintedintheUSA
May23,2017 9:34 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Qiaoliong-Bao-Prelims
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
ShivananjuBannurNanjunda,HuiYingHoh,JoiceSophia,
YunzhouXue,JianYuan,WenzhiYu,HaoranMu,YaoChen,
andQiaoliangBao
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 DiscoveryofGrapheneandItsProperties 3
1.3 ProductionofGraphene 5
1.3.1 MechanicalExfoliation 6
1.3.2 EpitaxialGrowth 8
1.3.2.1 Epitaxialgrowthmechanism 8
1.3.2.2 Differentsubstratesadopted 8
1.3.3 ChemicalVaporDeposition 11
1.3.4 SolutionProcessing 14
1.3.4.1 Graphite/grapheneoxides 14
1.3.4.2 Reducedgrapheneoxides 15
1.4 OpticalPropertiesofGraphene 17
1.4.1 LinearOpticalProperties 17
1.4.2 NonlinearOpticalProperties 19
2 ApplicationofGrapheneinLasers 27
YaoChen,HaoranMu,YupengZhang,andQiaoliangBao
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Mode-LockingFiberLaserBasedonGraphene 29
2.3 Q-SwitchingFiberLaserBasedonGraphene 32
2.4 GrapheneintheSolidStateLaser 33
2.5 Conclusion 37
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vi Contents
3 Graphene-BasedOpticalModulators 41
ShengGan,YupengZhang,andQiaoliangBao
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 GrapheneStrip-WaveguideOpticalModulators 42
3.3 Graphene-SlotWaveguideOpticalModulators 44
3.4 OpticalModulatorswithMZIandRingStructures 47
3.5 OpticalModulatorswithVerticalStructure 50
3.6 Conclusion 53
4 Graphene-BasedOpticalPolarizers 57
ZiyuWang,Zai-QuanXu,YupengZhang,andQiaoliangBao
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 ConventionalIn-LinePolarizers 58
4.3 Graphene-BasedPolarizers 59
4.3.1 OpticalFiberPolarizers 59
4.3.2 OpticalWaveguidePolarizers 61
4.4 Conclusion 62
5 Graphene-BasedPhotodetectors 65
ShaojuanLi,YanLiu,HuiYingHoh,andQiaoliangBao
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Plasma-EnhancedGraphenePhotodetectors 69
5.3 ResonantCavity–EnhancedGraphenePhotodetectors 70
5.4 Waveguide-IntegratedGraphenePhotodetector 72
5.5 VanderWaalsHeterojunctionStructure
Photodetector 74
5.6 ConclusionandOutlook 76
6 GrapheneforSolarCells 81
PengfeiLi,YushengWang,QasimKhan,HuiYingHoh,
andQiaoliangBao
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 DifferentTypesofGrapheneforSolarCells 82
6.3 Dye-SensitizedSolarCells 83
6.3.1 GrapheneasTransparentElectrodes 83
6.3.2 GrapheneasCatalyticCounterElectrodes 85
6.4 Organic/PolymerSolarCells 87
6.4.1 FunctionalizedGrapheneasElectrode 87
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Contents vii
6.4.2 FunctionalizedGrapheneasTransportLayer 88
6.4.3 FunctionalizedGrapheneasActiveLayer 90
6.5 Graphene-SiliconHybridSolarCells 94
6.6 Conclusion 96
7 GraphenePlasmonics 101
QingyangXu,YaoLu,JianYuan,YupengZhang,and
QiaoliangBao
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 TheoreticalInvestigations 102
7.2.1 ElectronBehaviorinTwoDimensions 105
7.2.2 DispersionRelationofGraphenePlasmons 105
7.2.3 SurfacePlasmonPolaritons 107
7.2.4 SurfacePlasmonsCoupledwithPhonons 108
7.3 ExcitationofSurfacePlasmonsinGraphene 110
7.3.1 SpectroscopyInvestigationsofSurface
Plasmons 110
7.3.2 Real-SpaceImagingandDetectionofSurface
Plasmons 112
7.3.2.1 EELSandARPES 113
7.3.2.2 Light–plasmonscoupling 114
7.4 PlasmonicDevices 120
7.4.1 SurfacePlasmonsinGraphene 121
7.4.2 SurfacePlasmonsinGrapheneRibbons 122
7.4.3 SurfacePlasmonsinGrapheneDisks,Rings 122
7.4.4 SurfacePlasmonsinGraphene/Insulatoror
TIStacks 123
7.5 Conclusion 124
8 GrapheneasOpticalLimiters 131
HuiYingHohandQiaoliangBao
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 NonlinearEffect 133
8.2.1 NonlinearAbsorption—Multiphoton
Absorption 133
8.2.2 NonlinearAbsorption—Excited-State
Absorption(ReverseSaturableAbsorption) 133
8.2.3 NonlinearScattering 134
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viii Contents
8.3 Carbon-BasedOpticalLimiters 134
8.4 Graphene-BasedOpticalLimiters 136
8.4.1 GrapheneDispersions 136
8.4.2 CompositesContainingGraphene 142
8.5 Conclusion 143
9 Graphene-BasedLight-EmittingDiodes 147
JialuZheng,HuiYingHoh,YupengZhang,and
QiaoliangBao
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 DevelopmentofGraphene-BasedLEDs 148
9.2.1 SelectiveDopedGrapheneasAnodic
ElectrodeorCathodicElectrode 148
9.2.2 ImprovementinCVDGrowthofGraphene 151
9.3 CombinationofGrapheneElectrodeswithOther
Materials 153
9.3.1 IntegrationofGrapheneElectrodeswith
Nanoclusters 153
9.3.2 IntegrationofGrapheneElectrodeswith
One-DimensionalSemiconductor
Nanostructures 154
9.3.3 IntegrationofGrapheneElectrodeswith
SWCNTs 155
9.3.4 IntegrationofGrapheneElectrodeswith
Nanowires 156
9.4 OtherPotentialApplicationsofGrapheneinLEDs 157
9.4.1 PhotoluminescencefromGrapheneOxide 157
9.4.2 GrapheneInterlayerforCurrentSpreading
Enhancement 158
9.5 Conclusion 158
10Graphene-BasedTouchscreens 163
ShivananjuBannurNanjundaandQiaoliangBao
10.1 Introduction 163
10.2 TransparentTouchscreenElectrodes 164
10.2.1 IndiumTinOxide 165
10.2.2 ConductingPolymers 165
10.2.3 CarbonNanotubes 166
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Contents ix
10.2.4 Graphene 166
10.2.5 WorkingPrincipleofGrapheneTouchscreen 167
10.3 ResistiveTouchscreens 167
10.4 CapactiveTouchscreens 170
10.5 Graphene-BasedTouchscreens 172
10.5.1 ComparisonofGrapheneandITO-Based
TouchscreenDevices 173
10.5.2 CurrentandFutureTrendsof
Graphene-BasedTouchscreens 174
11Perspective 177
HuiYingHohandQiaoliangBao
11.1 StrategiesforOvercomingChallenges 179
11.2 OtherTwo-DimensionalMaterials 180
Index 187