Graphene Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications

283 Pages·2018·21.312 MB·English

by  Dharmesh P. Hansora, Satyendra Mishra

Graphene
Nanomaterials

gy —
Graphene
Nanomaterials
Fabrication, Properties and Applications
editors
Satyendra Mishra
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz Dharmesh Hansora
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Graphene Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties
and Applications
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2018 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
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USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4745-41-3 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-315-36455-1 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface
1. In troduc tion i1x
1.1 Discovery of Graphene Nanomaterials 1
1.2 History of Graphene 3
1.3 Types of Graphene-Related Advanced
Nanomaterials 3
1.3.1 Graphene-Based Derivatives 3
1.3.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and
Nanohybrids 4
1.3.2.1 Hybrid nanofluids 5
1.3.2.2 Graphene–metal NP-based
hybrid composites 5
1.3.2.3 Core–shell hybrid
nanostructures 5
1.3.2.4 Next-generation hybrid
nanomaterials 5
1.4 Recent Progress in Graphene-Related
Advanced Materials 6
1.4.1 Graphene-Based Disruptive
Technologies: An Overview 6
1.4.1.1 Opportunities 7
1.4.1.2 Scientific output 8
1.5 Scientific and Technological Objectives 11
2. 1Fa.6b ricatCioonn,c Fluusnicotnio annadli sPaetriospne acntdiv Seus rface Modification 1139
2.1 Preparation Methods 19
2.1.1 Synthesis Methods of Graphene-Related
Carbon NMs 20
2.1.1.1 GO and graphene sheets 20
2.1.1.2 Doped graphene and derived
GNRs 25
2.1.1.3 Graphane 29
2.1.1.4 Fluorographene 31
vi Contents
2.1.1.5 Graphyne and graphdiyne 34
2.1.1.6 Porous graphene 36
2.1.2 Synthesis Methods of Graphene-Related
Nanocomposites 38
2.1.2.1 Reduction methods 38
2.1.2.2 Hydrothermal methods 42
2.1.2.3 Electrochemical methods 45
2.1.2.4 Ex situ methods 49
2.1.3 Synthesis Methods of Graphene-Related
Nanohybrids 53
2.1.3.1 Vapour deposition and
liquid-phase exfoliation method 53
2.1.3.2 Catalysis 53
2.1.3.3 Polymerisation 54
2.1.3.4 Graphenisation 54
2.1.3.5 Sol–gel method 59
2.1.3.6 Reduction routes 59

2.1.3.7 Electroless metallisation 61
2.1.3.8 In situcrystallisation 61
2.1.3.9 Solution mixing 63
2.1.3.10 Electrochemical deposition 63
2.1.4 Synthesis Methods of Graphene-
Encapsulated NPs 64
2.2 Functionalisation Steps 68
2.2.1 External Electric Field, Edge
Functionalisations and Doping of GNRs 68
2.2.1.1 External field 68
2.2.1.2 Edge functionalisation 69
2.2.1.3 Substitutional doping at the
edge 69
2.2.1.4 Isoelectronic BN9 pair doping 72
2.2.1.5 Atomic and molecular
adsorption 72
2.2.2 Functionalisation of GO 73
2.2.2.1 Covalent functionalisation 73
2.2.2.2 Noncovalent functionalisation 75
2.2.2.3 Transition metal adsorption 76
2.2.2.4 Through diazonium salt
reaction 76
Contents vii
2.3 Surface Modification Methods 78
2.3.1 Chemical Modification of Surface 78
2.3.2 Electrochemical Modification of
π π
Surface 79
2.3.3 – Interaction 79
3. 2Ch.4a racteCroisntciclu Psrioopne arntide sP erspectives 18001
3.1 Size, Shape, Surface Morphology and
Structure 101
3.2 Mechanical Properties 108
3.3 Electrical and Electrochemical Properties 110
3.4 Thermal Properties 116
3.5 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties 120
3.6 Energy Storage Capacity 126
4. 3Po.7t entiaGl aAsp-Spelincsaitniogn Asb ility 112377
4.1 Biomedical Applications 137
4.1.1 Biosensors 142
4.1.1.1 Electronic sensors 146
4.1.1.2 Electrochemical sensors 153

4.1.1.3 Optical sensors 155
4.1.1.4 Plasmonic biosensors 167
4.1.2 Delivery of Drugs and Genes 169
4.1.3 Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering
Approaches 176
4.1.4 Imaging and Diagnosis 179
4.2 Energy Applications 180
4.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 180
4.2.2 SCs 185
4.2.3 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Storage 191
4.2.4 Solar Cells 196
4.2.5 Transparent Conductive Electrodes 202
4.2.6 Clean Energy Devices 205
4.2.7 Memory and Photovoltaic Devices 205
4.3 Electronics 205
4.3.1 Field-Effect Transistors 206
4.3.2 Graphene-Based Antennas 210
viii Contents
4.3.3 Graphene-Nanocrystal Hybrid–Based
LED 212
4.3.4 Transparent Conductive Films 213
4.3.4.1 Solar cells 213
4.3.4.2 Organic LEDs 214
4.4 Sensors and Metal Detectors 215
4.4.1 Gas Sensors 216
4.4.2 Nanoelectromechanical Sensors 217
4.4.3 Chemical Sensors 218
4.4.4 Strain Sensors 220
4.4.5 Magnetic Sensors 221
4.4.6 Metal Recovery 222
4.4.7 Photodetection 222
4.4.7.1 High-speed applications 225
4.4.7.2 Highly sensitive detection 226
4.4.7.3 Terahertz detection 227
5. 4Su.5m marCyo nclusion and Perspectives 222681
Index
265
Contents ix
Preface
The graphene-based nanomaterials have been developed due to
their potential and immense interest in areas such as science,
engineering and technology. The graphene-based nanomaterials
include graphene derivatives, graphene-supported inorganic
nanomaterials and thin films, graphene–metal-decorated
nanostructures, core–shell structures of nanocarbon-graphene
and graphene-doped polymer hybrid nanocomposites, etc. These
graphene-based nanomaterials have been prepared by various
methods such as exfoliation of graphite, chemical vapour deposition,
chemical reduction of graphene oxide, catalysis, sono sol–gel route,
in-situ hydroxylation, silver mirror reaction, reduction methods,
hydrothermal methods, electrochemical methods and ex-situ
methods. The graphene-related nanomaterials are ideal templates
due to their attractive properties and also made them and useful as
functional materials in biomedical, electronics, optics, energy-based
products, gas sensing, ion exchange and molecular adsorption.
This book provides a basic overview of the recent advances in
graphene-based nanomaterials including their fabrication, function-
alisation, surface modification, properties and their potential appli-
cations. The book, deals with novel approaches for preparation of
graphene-based nanomaterials which will boost both product- and
process-oriented industrial research. It will also be helpful to scien-
Satyendra Mishra
tists, research scholars, post-graduate and under graduate students.
Dharmesh Hansora
Fall 2017