Graphene-based Energy Devices

463 Pages·2015·11.699 MB·English

by  A. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff

Editedby
A.RashidbinMohdYusoff
Graphene-basedEnergyDevices
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EditedbyA.RashidbinMohdYusoff
Graphene-based Energy Devices
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V
Contents
ListofContributors XIII
Preface XIX
1 FundamentalofGraphene 1
SeongC.Jun
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 SynthesisofGraphene 3
1.2.1 MechanicalCleavage 3
1.2.2 EpitaxialGrowth 4
1.2.3 CVDGrowthofGraphene 4
1.2.4 Solution-BasedGraphene 5
1.2.4.1 Ultrasonication 6
1.2.4.2 Intercalation 7
1.2.4.3 ChemicalExfoliation 7
1.2.5 SynthesisofCompositeMaterialBasedonGraphene
Oxide 8
1.3 CharacterizationofGraphene 12
1.3.1 AFM(AtomicForceMicroscopy) 14
1.3.2 SEM 16
1.3.3 TEM/SEAD/EELS 16
1.3.4 XPS 20
1.3.5 XRD 21
1.3.6 Raman 23
1.3.7 Photoluminesces(PL)Measurement 23
1.4 OpticalPropertyModificationofGraphene 25
1.4.1 AbsorptionPropertyModificationofGraphene(Terahertz,
UV–Visible–NIR) 25
1.4.1.1 AbsorptionPropertyofThermallyAnnealedGraphene
Oxide 25
1.4.1.2 AbsorptionPropertyPlasmaDefectedGraphene 26
1.4.2 PLPropertyModificationofGraphene 29
1.4.2.1 PLPropertiesofOxygenPlasmaTreatedGraphene 29
1.4.2.2 SubstrateEffect 30
VI Contents
1.4.2.3 PdGraftedGrapheneOxide 35
1.5 OptoelectricApplicationofGraphene 39
References 45
2 Graphene-BasedElectrodesforLithiumIonBatteries 49
RonghuaWang,MiaomiaoLiu,andJingSun
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 TheWorkingPrincipleofLIBs 50
2.3 Graphene-BasedCathodeMaterialsforLIBs 51
2.4 Graphene-BasedAnodeMaterialsforLIBs 53
2.4.1 GrapheneasAnodesforLIBs 54
2.4.2 Graphene-BasedCompositesasAnodesforLIBs 56
2.4.2.1 TheLithiumStorageMechanismsofAnodeMaterials 57
2.4.2.2 Graphene–Si/SnCompositesasAnodesforLIBs 58
2.4.2.3 Graphene–MetalOxideCompositesasAnodesforLIBs 62
2.4.2.4 Graphene–TiO /MoS CompositesasAnodesforLIBs 65
2 2
2.5 Two-Dimensional(2D)FlexibleandBinder-FreeGraphene-Based
Electrodes 67
2.5.1 Graphene-BasedFlexibleAnodeMaterialsforLIBs 67
2.5.1.1 2DFlexibleandBinder-FreeGrapheneElectrodes 67
2.5.1.2 2DFlexibleandBinder-FreeGraphene-BasedHybridAnode
Electrodes 69
2.5.2 Graphene-BasedFlexibleCathodeMaterialsforLIBs 73
2.6 Three-DimensionalMacroscopicGraphene-BasedElectrodes 74
2.7 SummaryandPerspectives 78
References 79
3 Graphene-BasedEnergyDevices 85
Wei-RenLiu
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 GrapheneforLi-IonBatteries 85
3.2.1 AnodeMaterials 85
3.2.2 CathodeMaterials 100
3.3 GrapheneforSupercapacitors 105
3.4 GrapheneforLi–SulfurBatteries 111
3.5 GrapheneforFuelCells 114
3.6 GrapheneforSolarCells 116
3.7 Summary 118
References 118
4 Graphene-BasedNanocompositesforSupercapacitors 123
XuanxuanZhang,TaoHu,andMingXie
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Graphene-BasedSupercapacitors 124
4.2.1 EDLCs 125
Contents VII
4.2.2 Graphene/MetalOxideNanocomposites 128
4.2.3 Graphene/ConductingPolymerComposites 129
4.2.3.1 PANI-GrapheneNanocomposites 129
4.2.3.2 PPy–GrapheneNanocomposite 132
4.2.3.3 PEDOT–GrapheneNanocomposite 134
4.2.4 AtomicLayerDepositionforGraphene/MetalOxide
Nanocomposites 134
4.3 IssuesandPerspectives 136
References 138
5 High-PerformanceSupercapacitorsBasedonNovelGraphene
Composites 145
JunwuXiao,YangyangXu,andShiheYang
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 GrapheneSynthesisMethods 148
5.2.1 The“Top-Down”Approach 148
5.2.2 The“Bottom-Up”Approach 150
5.3 Graphene-BasedElectrodesforSupercapacitors 151
5.3.1 Graphene 151
5.3.2 Graphene-BasedComposites 152
5.3.2.1 Graphene–CarbonMaterialComposites 153
5.3.2.2 Graphene/MetalOxideComposites 154
5.3.2.3 Graphene–ConductingPolymerComposites 158
5.3.2.4 Graphene/MetalOxide–ConductingPolymerComposites 164
5.4 ConclusionsandProspects 165
References 166
6 GrapheneforSupercapacitors 171
RichaAgrawal,ChunhuiChen,YongHao,YinSong,andChunleiWang
6.1 Introduction 171
6.1.1 ElectrochemicalCapacitors 171
6.1.1.1 FundamentalsofaCapacitor 172
6.1.1.2 ClassificationofElectrochemicalCapacitors 174
6.1.2 GrapheneasaSupercapacitorMaterial 175
6.2 ElectrodeMaterialsforGraphene-BasedCapacitors 176
6.2.1 Double-LayerCapacitance-BasedGrapheneElectrode
Materials 176
6.2.1.1 ElectrodesBasedonGrapheneSynthesizedbyReductionof
GrapheneOxide 176
6.2.1.2 Activated-Graphene-BasedElectrodes 177
6.2.1.3 GrapheneandOtherCarbonNanostructureComposite
Electrodes 179
6.2.1.4 Nitrogen-Doped-Graphene-BasedElectrodes 180
6.2.2 Graphene/PseudocapacitiveMaterialCompositeBasedElectrode
Materials 183
VIII Contents
6.2.2.1 Graphene/ConductingPolymerCompositeElectrodes 183
6.2.2.2 Graphene/Transition-MetalOxideCompositeElectrodes 186
6.3 Graphene-BasedAsymmetricSupercapacitors 189
6.3.1 AsymmetricCapacitorsBasedonGrapheneandPseudocapacitive
Materials 193
6.3.2 Graphene-BasedLithium-IonCapacitors 195
6.4 Graphene-BasedMicrosupercapacitors 199
6.5 SummaryandOutlook 204
Acknowledgments 205
References 205
7 Graphene-BasedSolar-DrivenWater-SplittingDevices 215
JianRuGong
7.1 Introduction 215
7.2 BasicArchitecturesofSolar-DrivenWater-Splitting
Devices 216
7.3 PromisingProspectsofGrapheneinSolar-DrivenWater-Splitting
Devices 217
7.4 Graphene-BasedIntegratedPhotoelectrochemicalCells 219
7.5 Graphene-BasedMixed-ColloidPhotocatalyticSystems 227
7.6 Graphene-BasedPhotovoltaic/ElectrolyzerDevices 235
7.7 ConclusionsandPerspectives 241
References 241
8 GrapheneDerivativesinPhotocatalysis 249
LuisaM.Pastrana-Martínez,SergioMorales-Torres,JoséL.Figueiredo,
JoaquimL.Faria,andAdriánM.T.Silva
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 GrapheneOxideandReducedGrapheneOxide 250
8.2.1 Synthesis 250
8.2.2 Properties 252
8.3 SynthesisofGraphene-BasedSemiconductorPhotocatalysts 254
8.3.1 MixingMethod 255
8.3.2 Sol–GelProcess 255
8.3.3 HydrothermalandSolvothermalMethods 256
8.4 PhotocatalyticApplications 257
8.4.1 PhotodegradationofOrganicPollutants 258
8.4.2 PhotocatalyticSplittingofH O 262
2
8.4.3 PhotocatalyticReductionofCO 264
2
8.4.4 OtherApplications:Dye-SensitizedSolarCells 266
8.5 ConclusionsandOutlook 267
Acknowledgments 268
References 268
Contents IX
9 Graphene-BasedPhotocatalystsforEnergyApplications:Progress
andFutureProspects 277
WanjunWang,DonaldK.L.Chan,andJimmyC.Yu
9.1 Introduction 277
9.1.1 SynthesisofGraphene-BasedPhotocatalysts 278
9.1.2 ExSituHybridizationStrategy 279
9.1.3 InSituGrowthStrategy 279
9.1.3.1 HydrothermalMethod 279
9.1.3.2 ElectrochemicalandElectrophoreticDeposition 281
9.1.3.3 ChemicalVaporDeposition 281
9.1.3.4 PhotochemicalReaction 282
9.2 EnergyApplications 283
9.2.1 PhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolution 283
9.2.2 PhotocatalyticReductionofCarbondioxide 285
9.2.3 EnvironmentalRemediation 286
9.2.3.1 PhotodegradationofOrganicDyes 287
9.2.3.2 WaterDisinfection 287
9.3 ConclusionsandOutlook 287
References 288
10 Graphene-BasedDevicesforHydrogenStorage 295
HouWangandXingzhongYuan
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 StorageofMolecularHydrogen 297
10.2.1 Graphene-BasedMetal/MetalOxide 299
10.2.2 DopedGraphene 300
10.3 StorageofAtomicHydrogenBasedonHydrogenSpillover 301
References 304
11 Graphene-SupportedMetalNanostructureswithControllableSize
andShapeasAdvancedElectrocatalystsforFuelCells 307
MinminLiuandWeiChen
11.1 Introduction 307
11.2 FuelCells 308
11.2.1 ConfigurationandDesignofPEMFCs 309
11.2.2 DirectMethanolFuelCells(DMFCs) 310
11.2.3 DirectFormicAcidFuelCells(DFAFCs) 313
11.2.4 DirectAlcoholFuelCells(DAFCs)andBiofuelCells 314
11.3 Graphene-BasedMetalNanostructuresasElectrocatalysts
forFuelCells 315
11.3.1 Graphene-SupportedMetalNanoclusters 315
11.3.2 Graphene-SupportedMonometallicandAlloyMetal
Nanoparticles(NPs) 317
11.3.3 Graphene-SupportedCore–shellNanostructures 321
11.3.4 Graphene-SupportedHollowNanostructures 322