Grapes

415 Pages·2018·46.016 MB·English

by  Creasy, Glen L., Creasy, Leroy L

G
rapes
2
nd edition
C p S H
rop roduCtion CienCe in ortiCulture SerieS
Series Editor: Jeff Atherton, Professor of Tropical Horticulture,
University of the West Indies, Barbados
This series examines economically important horticultural crops selected from the
major production systems in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic areas. Systems
represented range from open field and plantation sites to protected plastic and glass
houses, growing rooms and laboratories. Emphasis is placed on the scientific principles
underlying crop production practices rather than on providing empirical recipes for
uncritical acceptance. Scientific understanding provides the key to both reasoned
choice of practice and the solution of future problems.
Students and staff at universities and colleges throughout the world involved in
courses in horticulture, as well as in agriculture, plant science, food science and applied
biology at degree, diploma or certificate level, will welcome this series as a succinct
and readable source of information. The books will also be invaluable to progressive
growers, advisers and end-product users requiring an authoritative, but brief, scientific
introduction to particular crops or systems. Keen gardeners wishing to understand the
scientific basis of recommended practices will also find the series very useful.
The authors are all internationally renowned experts with extensive experience of
their subjects. Each volume follows a common format covering all aspects of production,
from background physiology and breeding, to propagation and planting, through
husbandry and crop protection, to harvesting, handling and storage. Selective references
are included to direct the reader to further information on specific topics.
Titles Available:
1. Ornamental Bulbs, Corms and Tubers A.R. Rees
2. Citrus F.S. Davies and L.G. Albrigo
3. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums J.L. Brewster
4. Ornamental Bedding Plants A.M. Armitage
5. Bananas and Plantains J.C. Robinson
6. Cucurbits R.W. Robinson and D.S. Decker-Walters
7. Tropical Fruits H.Y. Nakasone and R.E. Paull
8. Coffee, Cocoa and Tea K.C. Willson
9. Lettuce, Endive and Chicory E.J. Ryder
10. Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae V.E. Rubatzky, C.F. Quiros and
P.W. Simon
11. Strawberries J.F. Hancock
12. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums P.W. Bosland and E.J. Votava
13. Tomatoes E. Heuvelink
14. Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers G. Dixon
15. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums, 2nd Edition J.L. Brewster
16. Grapes G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy
17. Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids
V. Lebot
18. Olives I. Therios
19. Bananas and Plantains, 2nd Edition J.C. Robinson and V. Galán Saúco
20. Tropical Fruits, 2nd Edition Volume 1 R.E. Paull and O. Duarte
21. Blueberries J. Retamales and J.F. Hancock
22. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums, 2nd Edition P.W. Bosland and
E.J. Votava
23. Raspberries R.C. Funt
24. Tropical Fruits, 2nd Edition Volume 2 R.E. Paull and O. Duarte
25. Peas and Beans A. Biddle
26. Blackberries and Their Hybrids H.K. Hall and R.C. Funt
27. Tomatoes, 2nd Edition E. Heuvelink
28. Grapes, 2nd Edition G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy
G
rapeS
2
nd edition
G.L. Creasy
Viticulturist
Sabrosia Winegrowing Services
Montpellier, France
and
L.L. Creasy
Professor Emeritus
Department of Horticulture
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
iii
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
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Wallingford 8th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111
UK USA
Tel: [phone] T: [phone]
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E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cabi.org
© G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Creasy, G. L. (Glen L.), author. | Creasy, Leroy L., author.
Title: Grapes / G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy.
Description: 2nd edition. | Boston, MA : CABI, [2018] | Series: Crop production
science in horticulture series ; 27 [or 29?] | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018002165 (print) | LCCN 2018004004 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781786391377 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781786391384 (ePub) |
ISBN 9781786391360 (pbk: alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Grapes. | Grape industry.
Classification: LCC SB387.7 (ebook) | LCC SB387.7 .C74 2018 (print) |
DDC 381/.4148--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002165
ISBN-13: 978 1 78639 136 0
Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann
Production editor: Ali Thompson
Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, Preston, UK
Printed and bound in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow
C
ontents
Foreword xi
PreFace xii
PreFace to the First edition xiv
1 History, Uses and Production 1
Geographical Origins of Grapevine Species 1
Family, Genus, Species and Related Plants 2
Natural Growth Conditions 5
Historical Cultivation 6
Uses 6
Fermented grape products 7
Table grapes 7
Raisins 9
Grape juice 9
Grape-Producing Countries 11
2 Cultivars, Anatomy and Improvement 14
Main Cultivars for Various Uses 14
Clones 17
Anatomy and Physiology 20
Roots 20
Mycorrhizae 22
Above the soil 23
Photosynthesis 26
Flowers and berries 28
v
vi Contents
Ampelography 29
Breeding and Genetics 30
Indicators of Quality 32
3 Grapevine Growth and Fruit Development 34
Phenology 34
Vine (Vegetative) Development 41
Patterns of root growth 41
Tendrils 42
Cane maturation 42
Leaf-fall and abscission 43
Dormancy 44
Flower Initiation, Fruit Development and Berry Maturation 45
Where do tendrils and flower clusters come from? 45
Factors affecting branching 46
Plant growth regulators 47
Flower development and anthesis 48
Fruit set 49
Berry development and maturation 54
Environmental/Climatic Influences 72
Trying to quantify climate 73
The Vine as a Perennial Plant (Carbohydrate Partitioning) 75
Balancing vegetative and reproductive growth 76
4 Climatic Requirements 78
Cold Hardiness 78
Growing Vines in Tropical Areas 84
Frost Tolerance 85
Heat and Light 85
Water Use 87
Soils 88
Terroir 89
Climate Change 90
5 Vineyard Establishment 93
Site Selection 93
Climate 94
Soil 95
Slope and aspect of land 98
Other factors 99
Contents vii
Site Planning 100
Preparing the site 101
Shelter from wind 103
Vine planting density 104
Rootstocks 107
Rootstock choice 109
Propagation 109
Layering 111
Cuttings 112
Grafting 112
Other methods 114
Planting 116
Vine Establishment 118
Vine shelters 120
Young vine care 121
Second season 124
6 Seasonal Management 127
Pruning and Training 127
Vine balance at pruning 128
Types of pruning 132
Pruning decisions 135
Matching pruning to vine capacity 138
Other considerations when pruning 140
Training and Trellising 143
Self- or stake-supported 144
Single wire 144
Hedge-type 146
Divided canopies 148
Other trellising systems 151
End assemblies 153
Intermediates 157
Post materials 157
Wires 160
Vineyard Floor Management 161
Frost Management 165
Types of frost events 166
Passive control strategies 167
Active control strategies 168
Other methods 171
viii Contents
Canopy Management 172
Goals and tools for canopy management 173
Shoot thinning and lateral removal 174
Shoot positioning 175
Shoot topping and hedging 178
Leaf removal 178
Other methods 180
Things to avoid 181
Quantifying change in the canopy 183
Irrigation 185
Methods of monitoring soil moisture 187
Methods of monitoring plant water status 191
Scheduling water application 193
Other Management Practices 194
Girdling 194
Fruit thinning 196
Flower cluster thinning 196
Cluster thinning 197
Berry thinning 197
Application of plant growth regulators 198
Vine/crop protection 198
Harvest 198
7 Nutrition 203
Nutrient Analysis and Correction Strategies 204
Testing and nutrient addition 204
The Nutrients 206
Macronutrients 206
Micronutrients 210
8 Mechanization 216
Weed Management 219
Canopy Management 222
Crop Management and Harvesting 223
Pruning 226
Environmental Monitoring 227
Contents ix
9 Grapevine Pests, Diseases and Disorders 229
Diseases 231
Fungal diseases 231
Bacterial diseases 260
Viral diseases 263
Control of Grape Diseases 265
Control of fungal diseases 266
Control of viral diseases 267
Other Disorders 268
Insect Pests 270
Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) 270
Leafhoppers 274
Borer insects 276
Mealybugs 276
Moths 276
Thrips 278
Beetles 279
Mites 280
Chemical control 280
Animal Pests 282
Nematodes 282
Vine-grazing pests 283
Berry-eating pests 283
Weeds 286
Pesticide Resistance 288
Pesticide chemical classification 289
Pest and Disease Control in Organic Grape Production 290
Pesticide Application 291
Maximizing spraying efficiency 292
Pesticide application equipment 295
10 Harvest and Postharvest Processing 297
Table Grapes 297
Quality parameters 298
Picking 299
Packing 299
Cooling at the packing house 301
Storage 302