Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy

550 Pages·2015·2.61 MB·English

by  William C. Martel

grand strategy in theory and practice
The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy
Thisbookexploresfundamentalquestionsaboutgrandstrategy,asithasevolved
across generations and countries. It provides an overview of the ancient era of
grand strategy and a detailed discussion of its philosophical, military, and eco-
nomic foundations in the modern era. The author investigates these aspects
throughthelensoffourapproaches–thoseofhistorians,socialscientists,practi-
tioners,andmilitarystrategists.Themaingoalistoprovidecontemporarypolicy
makers and scholars with an historic and analytic framework through which to
evaluateandconductgrandstrategy.Byprovidinggreateranalyticalclarityabout
grandstrategyanddescribingitsnatureandutilityforthestate,thebookpresents
acomprehensivetheoryandpracticeofgrandstrategyinordertoarticulatethe
UnitedStates’past,present,andfuturepurposeandpositionontheworldstage.
WilliamC.MartelisAssociateProfessorofInternationalSecurityStudiesatThe
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. His research and
teachinginterestsareininternationalsecurityandpublicpolicy.Hismostrecent
bookisVictoryinWar:FoundationsofStrategy(2011).MartelwasaProfessorof
NationalSecurityAffairsattheNavalWarCollegeandservedontheprofessional
staff of the RAND Corporation in Washington. He served as an advisor to the
National Security Council from 2002 to 2003 and from 2007 to 2010; as a
consultant to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Office of
the SecretaryofDefense, the U.S. Air Force,and the U.S.Air ForceScientific
AdvisoryBoard;andasamemberoftheDefenseDepartment’sThreatReduction
AdvisoryCommittee.

Grand Strategy in Theory
and Practice
the need for an effective american
foreign policy
William C. Martel
TuftsUniversity,TheFletcherSchool
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107442214
©WilliamC.Martel2015
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2015
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Martel,WilliamC.
Grandstrategyintheoryandpractice:theneedforaneffectiveAmerican
foreignpolicy/WilliamC.Martel.
pages cm
ISBN978-1-107-08206-9(hardback)
1. UnitedStates–Foreignrelations. 2. UnitedStates–Militarypolicy.
3. Strategicplanning–UnitedStates. I. Title.
E183.7.M364 2014
327.73–dc23
2014027963
ISBN978-1-107-08206-9Hardback
ISBN978-1-107-44221-4Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
To my wife, Dianne

Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pageix
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2 ContemporaryClassicsinAmericanGrandStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Part I Makers of Grand Strategy
3 FoundationsofGrandStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
4 AncientandModernErasofGrandStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5 GrandStrategiesofEmpireintheModernEra:Sixteenth
toTwentiethCenturies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6 RevolutionaryandNuclearErasofGrandStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Part II Makers of American Grand Strategy
7 BuildingDomesticFoundationsofAmericanPower:
WashingtontoLincoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
8 RestrainingSourcesofDisorder:TheodoreRoosevelt
toFranklinDelanoRoosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
9 ReinforcingAlliancesandPartnerships:TrumantoReagan . . . . . . . . . . .244
10 DriftingbetweenPrinciples:BushtoObama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Part III Conclusion
11 TheMakingofFutureAmericanGrandStrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519
vii