Gramsci and the Anarchists

143 Pages·1999·27.53 MB·English

by  Carl Levy

Garl Levy
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Gramsci and the Anarchists
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List of Maps
Acknowledgements
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pant<ularl} hh 10 recall Sc'llio CapriOlllio, Do, id GoodU). Eha, Ekl'll. I 2 D. .u ibu,oon o(,he an.",hlsl P"'''''' 11.ly. 1900 !4
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Wulfl'.ng (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 'The s.uffs of,1I< lnlnnauonal (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) for Soc ..! J.! Turin /"'DUUJ, Agt>f"'02-26 A\&i\l$1 !9!7) 9J
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LiSf of Figures Ust of Tables
2 I F 1151 Issue of LI> &001" MoJ .. ,nu. jounlal of lhe 2. I !'ion, Me",bt.>hip (Tu.in and I'r<:>vi",,",: I \lOO. 14 "
(cid:0) .(cid:0)....... School 2.2 Turin Ch.mbt. of Labour (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) I 1lOO-14 "
4.1 """",h,sm and SyndICalism in I. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) , ..... ", "'".
S.I Tho\louoPl.n
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Abbreviations
The Italian Anarchists, 1870--1914
ACS CPC ,Me-h" ,0 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)dtllo S ... ,o, Cuell.no ]'olilioco Ccn'rok.
Tho ...." 'h.... ,any OIl' ,lit u. .f w /unc, ... of m&l."'11 "'" ....ull<'ll
ACS f'S "",ni, io Ce<Ilraic dcllo Sralo, (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)del1'lllI<rnO. Dt=1ont
·c""""utl(>nallONh,. ., _blc. K<<publt. .1..- "'" ....r JeoSUl' fOl "'"
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)<II (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) SICUf'C"UI. I)" IS;one Alfan Gcnenli c __. .. II .. (cid:0) (cid:0) a ..... ,'" u m>d<mIlO "" ropubhco .. """ 10(\0) tho
R,;(1·. .l l. RlIIYIt ..,.,..,lull. ............ u' AIr<.od} for tolD< ""'"< p,u,b"l'"IC proo«."UliO,.n.. .'",. ,f.t.o..n.o of
AS\! M"nwio ci, Slim di (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)F ondo f'rtftuura. GabiDtllo. j ....... (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(Oloalt' ""',. ... "'" ...0 1\<11 po.". . "'<01 if" Ill<
AST "",h,vio d SlIlo<li Ton"" (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 0p'''' 'bc....."h,. .. lh<y "'ill '"''' Karl M. ....o d
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11 Sf! In'emOli""")ln,,i'"I. ofSoclsllllS'<><y, AmSl.r<i:tm "'" "M.. .. I, "'",,Id "'" """". ...... If donoR' ,n.1 of'h" kl'ld 'Il<
rro>«"''''' ""&h' .... od,,n """" i,,,,,, of (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)Sociol< ., ,1>0 ...." 1'10 Qf
'hc 'j"" 11m"" up '0" h"n " .... P'or« f", "" .., ," 1"0000pndo '0 proe .., J
Flhl'P" lUI'''. '01; "'''''IThICI' C,,"ea (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Fifll. t .." >co ,,,,,", .... "" ouch ,h"'l ..... 'lwl" p«l!>Ic:' i, ..... j .... >
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<\pm.>Hln, lbrn: .... "" _ ..I unll1 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 112Iy ....n . tbcr< ... ..
""') > (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) """y. Tkr< ..= : jvoI ""II. ..... of iDoti,"'""I. _!<red
Ih"""""'" lul,. .. Ie'''''''}'. <ado kodln, hOi """ hfc. cacb """td in luI.,..."
0011. k"""'''' """',n, of ]. .(cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)only ho> """ d ..(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) """ behe. .. nl
,'''' "'hoJ!c "oo1d (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)be Clr<um<rnbed by h" parish bowwlory 11 • .".. . ''''' ..,
0011«'0<. he knew tll< p.)locetrull. he kncw ,lit 11118"""'c. ,t.cCOOTl of A"il."
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arouod "" >doo, , "T\lIk A'ld .Iroc. " ....1 >1<
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....." "'" Grunsci 'II Soc,al,,,,,,, < nall>' II G.-;,Jo tkI ",,,,.:No
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(j.."ano Sal,omlni. as quoted Ifl V M.n'o'·,ni. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) /.0
.,cage lId DIU/III
The his!ory of 1I.1i;,n 'Oafchi,m from ,IS (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) In (h •• n"nn,(h "rtil.
R"'OI!!,m<'ml.>, h> ,I> ,"tuallk'(nI<,ion b)' foK'II1\. has "",·.r (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0),lie
0"'''''0<1 i, <Ieu.HI, I ,ball not (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)such on .mbllio.b proJcc, her<, I
q""'''''''
,..tlUld (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 10 11Ii""'. rarely ]IOSCiIln I,alian I.boo< h,,,OO)'
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0){Iallan Anarchml. I iPQ-19/l
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"h) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 110 .. did the &lWChi>l mo'Cl1lColl ..... !H .. a "'13' p"" "rthe GtaIt\SCi, ",orld aOld Impori_li.." hod "",,-en th," • "" olution rould
m..s. M,,,,,,;,
Italian _,.1,;1 11'<1 labour ",'". .m enl. wllil the (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) be "Eo,n" thit,. "".,.f"o rm"t >ntorpn:lallOO oflb< d,.l<'<t"'_
Tho f'I"I'h<"hc ..- onb ofGllC1.ono Sah emin; (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0).. the (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)of For Tur:"', .... and part .." ",,!,/), democracy I",'" (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Ihl> ,hapcer hl>t (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 100ft or [.,<$ fulfilled 11o.,onoamphy C<lnCc",1n8 .}-"""ymou. F", Gra"""t soci.li,m '. hean and """I were loe"ed tn lhe
haloan anarth,sm h .. been I.ft mo,dy 10 liS (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) .(cid:0) ...> <I i, has only be<:n modorn fac.O<)". in lhe prnklari." eommLlntt)" ofprodoccl"\_ T"",,, Ind
in II>e la>1 '",cnty.fi,'" yea". wilh the developmen, of. less dog,nall' Gra"""t 10 Lll'! a f"hmoos It.".n phrasc- w."'irotdt..nerniri (broth ..
het"'''''"
Ji.,Oj!uc CQmp"""nlS of the lIJ<han left, thai" more ba'.ncN "nelnlOi), for bolh, ,oclalism follo".d in the foot'I'''' of capil.II,1
>CCOunl uflh. trlI" .",.", hu \!«n produce,J. Indttd, O<l" might SIIj ,"", InOOem.zalton Gramoci', idenlif,catton of ....i .li.m·' I·."gu.rd in tho
for. '008 lime .he a"",di" mo'-."",,,! had suffmd an.' en tun• ••" I'lie f. .. .,ry prOlCl.nat Mlbe ....,.. ad\'a""cd """lIern ioo"""". wa, p"""'bly
than Salwm,n, IIad predicted for II II Iud '1aile "mply ben! ("'i""en. eon.idorcd '00 'work"",,' for l"ura1t, bul both m"" Cut .be" te<:th In
relegaled '0 I frw fu<Jtnoc", gencnlly roroo<:m,n, "human colour' lI .. u 5O<' ..1 t51 Il101.""'111, thll. ""lit 1hc" "noe,.IIons ""lIt I mo<Ir-rn 100""",.1
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(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)b (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)cull. an ,"'<rnI'''$ (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)"fltah"" plebei." ttIlture. "oRlng cl.". lIIII/Swtl in [lIly_ h " ".11 k",,"'n thai Gram><1 did
bYllu.rdly ckstn In, close scM,ny.; ''''nlp! to "tdtn "","I"m', bose An 1I_"an """Iution rould no! be
T"" ,ene",""ns of _iali"., bmh lu,,",j', and G",ms.ci',. could carried 001 '" ,,!>out the .... pport oflhe ""'Illem PC"Soan"}. and th"",ghoul
,,,,,II
no< .,.."d the 81"rel"" lendcn(:y 'hOI coloured ,"" hch.,ioo, of many h .. co"",r he (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)for a .,."Iogy, b'It trhe had gamed. senSlt" l1y
""doh,1> And 10 I certain degl'« (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) lo"nll Gramscl and Ihr gr,al for soothcm p,,>b[cm,. he tiel., Jtmo'ed ,he honhem faclory prol"",,'1
rcfomli>l Idrn"fiod the libonarian lradition IS 0"" of lhe palhologioal from ii, ,-o"Suard rolc
.ymptom. oflb< ill-f.tcd poS1·!I .. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0),t.t._I fT"."ti embodied lhe A •• Sonlini.n int.lI«tu.l ... "si1t"o 10 lhe tnJuno. that hi, 01." island
It.han ",rjlOft of Sccott.d Inloma""".II" iIOCt.ltstn. "hM G"'m>ci'i h",! luffered tR Ltbe",'l. .. [}'. G"'n'lSCl hal """,, p',lured a, 0"'" oflhe fcw
pohl"'.' clrter (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)motl 'I1.d by • dt>irc '0 C"li,ile Ind tra"",tnJ Ihl> \\<>Iem Manim to delclop I colle ....... "&r1'nan policy In facl. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)"",ny
tradilion. \xlch rmI:Iln<d Ioclcd wilhln 1hc "'"iic c,,,,k ofltalian probInns OIher (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) tntollec'wtl .. he yunl<'d 10 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) hi. ""IiI" !Unol
Ind l13hln obseso"",._ Both I <3rn<'d for. modtm 5O<'IelV iden.ificd ., 50<'''')', "The ,..... ... nlr). and el-.-n lhe proIcunInlte<! jXasanu of.be Po
an ad, .new capll.IiOi (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)",ho»c 11I>ItHlI"",. and 'cultu,"" """w 'aile)' "ho compo!oCtllM ""'JOn'Y of 1hc IlItb"n Soc,ah>! Pan) C(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0)
prep;lrc 1M ",-ay (ox 5O<'i.h..,,_ liberal 113'y. they belie'cd, '" IS plaMueJ l"1',cnted Ihe c"''''lI''''''' of modem welall'l poIillc._ lie ",anted til<'
wilh g. .. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) It.lj. th<y .houghl. ",,,,ar. . gb.all of regions. gonmed pta. .n " to aool\don lheir folkloric I tliOll of the world which he dofiOlcd
by • pollll,al oillc. hardly ropre<cnt>tl\ 0 of lhe ""he. of.be ,·. .t nUJ"'''Y ...e n-", (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)for a .\<i.nlif", outlook (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)buono_T lic rn'olu"",,"'Y
of Ihe I[aha" f'OIl"lalion The llaha" parhalncltl " .s only a parody "f i" nonhcm prolel.".1 "oulJ br,,"k Lhe cha",. of p<a>3t\t bad" anlne,.
COU"lell""" in IIOrlhem EurOj>< lnst.ad of. d ••, ,) defot ...> d pany sy,lcm. b) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)prodocli" ro""1"\ of c.pilalism for lhe full MI·.tII.go
the ... e,;sled "!lXI.Ii",,s of clientele. '" here ptoo>ulily and =Iional of the hali.n PCOl>Ie_ Th. pc.",n"),. and lhoot< clernents of the faCIO<)'
1"'''''01, "''''"''
m",. ..t >«m<:d """" c"",;,,1 than modem .... " particl "'pre<cnting do" proktanal "ho "c,"" .1111 under 11, mn"C""'. dttnocd
or. coo.lilloo of dllS> ml ....., ,_ In both (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) poltllcal rh<1onc Itlly " <oolam"\o1'N b) In oarlier Ufi>cicnttf", socI11". tradition. They rould IlOl
piclured IS I C"OUI\!I'Y prey to clIaoIic rioti"i-ptrptrual scandal-.J poI" ...- a1 osc:apt from lbe ,'''''''''' circle of no! Ind "",Ihy that Gram",i .alled
adHntU",rj [..:h. In hi. own" I)', bopod Ihil ell'lloli.." "vuld "'" onl)" "''''tT1''"",O
destroy lhe Ch". ...> t" ""II oflhe feudal _tho bul ,..). lhe ground"<><l f.,.. a Borh Tun,i and Gramsci rough'. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) bank "llaln" ',lib.
modem <.en>e of I'<>hho._ The It.li.n peof'Ilc, 'hey fd •. laded a -">Ie ,-""" o· "",• • ltsm, bullhe COItIparuool cndi here, Gn",,,i's early (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
'I'lflf. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) "001.1 wtcneh Italy ond Ihe It.h.n, into tile twentlcth " .. inllu."".d b)' , .. riOlI. libenanan rumple<. and he el'cn .nded up
centLlry_' being confounded wnh an.rthi'l and 'yndlealtSi hcrt",.s; T urati', vaha't!
Th"", ,,-a •. ho\o.'CI cr. a <""".1d llT"",,,,,,, belweon Ihc>c two \'cry di\'cn;e <itf",,,,, of Ih. an.arthm •. on 'he Olio. . Illlld. "-lIS loorc the in'pi"'" oralory
1'"IIt i,-.I (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) ThIS dtlTerence centred Oft lime How loog would on;: of. "lVIl (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)who defended th" righl. of 11""" on hi. 101\ bec'''>e
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)", w"" 1\" c'I'".I,,,,, to dfeot i" chln)l("S1 For-Tunm hi;r"'Y pru. of (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)pr;IKlpl ... In (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)mll>d. "ncr "'" def• •1 o f the autl><>nuri.n
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)..d >I ..(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 011<1 ",. .. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) through ,he porrol .. """" of ",formism r or- thfC.lt1 in ,he 1891)0.. 1hc a""",ht<lS aoo ,yndiollm "-m: OImply p<imil1¥'"
,
,nMe<i '>1one al!<' """ialiou', G,,"nsci '$ .. lllionsh,p w"h lhem " .. nlOl'<: The Firsl (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 1870-410--'
ron","" and "omple', for," I>< " ..... ,ed. d'>I,n<lly liben.nan form of
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)during.1>< Fit1l W.,.W W." I'M' en •• red inoo • "ortiog fnend,Jllp ltah3Jl lntnnat,onait,,,, ",a. IlI.I""d Ihrough a naltonal SlTUggk in an
'" ,'h I n:tTIlIfbbk groupofTorinae """,h,. ., As hu coonell rommu:tism agran." SOCtt1y. "here the c.,...,opt of' Italy' "'ti "m"cd '0 a .....1 1 band
"r an .....
.merged In tbe (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) "'. ." (,I>< Red B,Cf\J\''''''. 1919- 20) i. bono ,I>< ,ntollectuall. and t.t1blJ\ ptn)' OOttrgCOlI ... I'."hen the cmlnlll.,n&
hlllnu,k. of Ihe anareh". and (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) hentag._ \I) 11m In Ih" "al. om"oo in ,he ';OIlIl'T)'<""', " (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)di'hked. and II lime: it "-as "I'f"J5Cd
,nttndllCI<>ry .hapter " ,<> shed tom( hght "" lhe cH.luII"" <>f'M hali,n '(10th and l\3.il In ,he IS6O$ lhe soolh "'I' bluod ..d by a ferocious ci,-il
libenanan mo,,,,=' ber""" (lie (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) rcw.>, '0 inTroduc. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) ",or ,n ",lllch a rcak,lranll"Ulntr)-' 0JIp0Sed "hit, ","1 foll,o be • r""'i[{ll
O(he, (m,ell()-M""co "ale. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) had <kgra.,k<J it> ,eligi"n, f..,."od ,t I" pay great"' In. . and
The 'iulit)' of a""reh,.tn, and a mote Il""",ic an" ,,."" lrad" ,oo ,h.II had ccns<npted i'l so", in", a d .., .nl anny, n.. brigand. ill ,"" soulh
chara.cle,ilod It,it"n s.eco"d I ",ern.,ion.h., _"h,m. can be .. plained (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) '" lth Ihe Iklurbot ...t ld tl .. Cathohc clelllY 0' ""crt inyoh-ed In 1000al
hy eumioiog Ihre. majur lheme" Ih. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) of an.rchism·s h;\,ory. qua,,:.I •. Other f0101' of 1"010" (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) Ih. (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) .lId bread'h of tho
tit. W"I;,,;li.\ of .he PS l. ..> <llh, .... ,I,,"on of the [taha" laoou, ,,,,,,,. po",",ul. I" 1869 .• WayC of riOll, nc.,ly a popula, insurrection. wit
menl in its p ..w ., f""na,I", ""riod, e."s.cd by tl>c inlmJut:,ion ofa Kroln , .. The I"lia" "atc', gcncrnl poItC)'
['U"'"
By [914 anl,>1a",m In Its f"nn I1.>d t.rcOOIe o .." ,he[med hy of IjualiJ",o (I""" <>n .n,eles "r (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)pUrSued In order
an ri""<>nIlly <Hlenu,d ."",.lI" pally, The ....n :him remai""d a ,,·eak. . to pay lhe dr1>ls or lhe "'lira or 1\)"0lI01 hbtra"on, alio",,'oo the humble,
pany. parado>"'"lly. ho". , ... Il><i, ,"I,t .). ., ..... 1Ied !lrong (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)al lhe cllSsn_ Later. in 1872 and 18il .• (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)of mikes b""'. "", In \Iilan.
IP"'" """s. Anarthl!ttl', s)·mbol ..n d heritage OOrn",.,ed mal"". ..m Tunn. Fior=tt and B<>l<>¥na. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) b)' ag".""" among sto. ..
1. .. lian _ ... h,,-cullu ... Lnfonunatoly lhe dr""h, un,,1 "",.mly. of (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) croppers and l.ndlC!!s labourers in lhe Po \1110)'. To many""""'''' ,he
"ud'!;S concoming Itaha" _1I1"m ti I p<lpUlar culture (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) f"'gik ltali.n $1.0" al'l'<arrd on.he bnnl ofcollapx; ond" "'IS in 'his
th .. curi"", fOCI. Al'hough th"" I probkm "fJfeat (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) ,n ",df. I ....I Ing !lu. the InIC11l3I1<H111'''''''ge<i
can ""Iy prc$en' ,he ..a d .. ""h • btt*l ou,[t"" "f. popular soc,ah"", The 1",li.n Inte"",tional <prUd rar,dly in lhe early 1&70. and """"
1111, ean bc<1 be drfinoed .. the 'JtOOnd cul,u",·. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) tit" I mean a "",wort n,,,"berod mot"C 'haR 30.000 mombrrs. In (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)muhi-H,I"me: hlSlory ofl. .l y
of ''''"tu,i"", bound '<>a<thc, by I<:n,",tCnll of locah'm. In,i,"'''''''' and G,"'l!:'O CaRd<loru. <It.n or \Jan<1>1 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) " ... 10rc<:<l'O admll INti
roN
'"""ra"mu· I'" QT\<n"",). I( cOllided "'I""trdly ",'h 'he Itahan ,laIc and tho Inlemallorul "., haly', In. .. pan),-' The bulk of'" membersh,p
du,ing IOC"OU' <",e, e\On wi,h Ihe mon: ccn,raitud in>l;lu""n, of "o".ist.d or ani,.n, rrom cc",ral (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)and to.aplc,. and a ",,';onal n::pn::
Ih. I,il"u, and """i.list (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) The chambe, of I,bour. the new ,emotion of inleilec'u.l ••n d ,,'''lenIS, Pro"" ti\'o WOlke, ",g.nlzationJ-
w'"
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0)isolated 00"1"·,,, indumi.1 SIlburt>. lhe agrotowns of Apo"" the (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) were als<' (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)allll prt:CII""'" oflhc p,,,i,o Ope",,,,
a"" [mili" .nd the "",,,pany to..-"s of I.,gu,i •. (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) and Umb" •.• [[ 1t.Il.no .lId up<!miJ",u (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0)
Kcommoda,N. 10 ,.,,,ying dcgrtts. a (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)cull"re' Its ,.1. . 0' a/f",,.d The le.derShip uf'he Italian InICrtIl1lonal cn"i!agN tlot ""'01"""" .s
(iraJ",",;', \Ia"i"" in ncpl"" and ]IO>IIi\O way• . Gram",i', couo<il • '_,.1 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) , I'.,lh II>< (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) y. .... of di"""", in m,nd. ,hey
1'..,
e"nunun!5m did DOl "",rely spnng from tbe crucible of ,he World belt .. Nlhal 'he ",,"onal (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) c"uld be o\Orturn<:<l'hrough anned
and i" .-.'Olul"","ry afle"""'h. The ""'as of s.clf-manage",ent and an ,n",r. .." ioo. A donoo",,,,,i,(..,, til the COllnlJ};ode, "I.at [rnco M.I:ol<:>la
aulonomou, (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) culture. SO prom' ... nl ,n .he Gnun><:i of II>< I<'fTI\etl 'propaganduo pI»ri' >(cid:0) ''(cid:0)'' (cid:0) (cid:0) """Id (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) pre-poIi,ical ",n,h i",o,
b'"",1lJ 11><W. " ... aln:ady ptcloCnl ,n ""'_"'r 1. .l y_ On the othe, hand. conscioul sociali., IIoth a pWtncd .., ,)It In 1874, and I "",milo
'>co"""
,he ,nllability oftbe cullo,.". Ind the drmagoguery!lut G ... msc, ..t ion in lbe mountaLns oooth ofl\aplcs ,n 1877. " .... mL...",blo ra,I.,..,..
though' prt"Stnl. caused him", be c",..:.1 of 'h" ,radi.ioo (cid:0) (cid:0) ""oit' 1"""\'1<kt! the: orponun"y for the: go'Cmment to dc<lroy
the InternaTional, ond In. . I Sl'"os of my"""Qu' bomb explosiOlU and
'''"mpl< upon (he King's hfe. tlw: 11I .." ",nonal "'I, oUl[av.cd.'
\\ ;th ,he c"".lung (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)[t,Ii.n onan:b,sm railed to create
• IOt'g la"ing na,i<mal "rl)anir,'ion n""I,!,e (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)befo .... ,1!e Fir<! Wotld
,
,
110r (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) /870-/9/4
War. The go. nnrnen. 11".y, "ruck hard<, a. 1M IJIa",h". "",,'rn'OCn.
,han" d,d ...h e (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) .oc,.i1Sl pany, "'n.",h,Sl' and ·In.,,,loold· -
bch."ou, "cre "lerotificd in (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) oUI>lde II", rrolcc,ioll of (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
...
,0nSlilU,i"",,1 auar;lnICCS_ The llllreh", "",,'emen! "3' d"I<i,icd .. e"he. o 0;,,';. .., -
"'
!errorisl or il\SUn'«,ioruSIIR CIw3cI. ... 100 durin, p",-;oo, of """tal "'''''''
P"P'''
,ho IUIIln:hr>'" "",,cd ... ,he: u_1 "'3pog<>alS. AAc.lhe ""'. . (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (0•1 8•9 041
"""'o;mCII'
of,he 1870. ,ho aga,n rdllhe b-Iovo, of 1I1e Sl'1< ,n !he m,ddle
18SOS dYfI"g the firs, ma .. mikes of Po V.lley Imu,wn" (I.ndl. ..
• g.riculturnl I.bourers) La'e ... In ,he 1890s. 'oc aMrehi" """'emelll was
",rtually deIIW)ed, The leA ""5 Ih"'OIcned IhwUIlI,,,,,, ,hc 1890s. bu,
lilt anarch,.!> "ell' panicularly hard hi' \\,ilh tilt fom"IIoo of 3 """';11-
oriented """i.hsl (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) ,lit anarch». . f.iled 'o moun. ""'JOf "1'1'0'11100
bttlU>C uf'hlllt'Jlf"'Sion arxl 0 (cid:0) (cid:0)d'<One-n1a11OfL on 'heir _n "'ILk.
Under Giohll1 ,he .",rchim "("It .,,11 ponttLL,ed, Ahhough G,oh'"
had more ",.poel fo, ci,il ngh's Ih.n his prede<ciiOn. he was f .. from
being libcn.nan Pohtieal repr<:$s;on ,e""",lly ,par.d ,he roo", moJc"!e
"""i.lists. buill>< inn.nsigenls. Ih. ,),nd",aIiSlS "nd ,I>< anarchISts could
be am-stcd for I "Ide ,-ariel)' ofpm.s ta", and <libel'! ,hat puni.hed publK:
den,grauoo oflhe m"",,,,,iIy 000 1111' poh«_G .ohlll al"'a)-.1ricd 10 pm em
.narch,,1 or .) ....h c.h,' lead<nhlp from emelling '" lhe: young labou.
mo,'om<n', Al,hough be was pc,ftc,l;- prepar«I,o SU]lI'OI1 moderalo-I.d
."ikos. and e"en r'."U.ilC .n'plo)'orS 10 selll •. I>< orde,ed lbe a""i' ,)1'
an. . n;h"llnd lynd,."hSI I>.bou. leaderS regul •• ly,·
Anarchi., ht>lOIy" Iwder 10 fol[,o,.· alier 1880 (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) ufthe dis_
conllnuili.s of ,II leadersh,p and ,IS (q3",. ." ooS W"h ,he: nse of lhe
,,,,do:
IOSI aOO Its al'>OClaled union (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) 'he C""feder",o!1O
Generale del LIt'o", (CGLI, 'he h,,1<>f)' of hben ..i *n s<>(iahsrn br •• 's
down in'o I sm.,!y of ,IS influe,,,," un OIhe' i""",,,ioru .ueh.s th" PSI.
,he: CGL, the syndicali" (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)uf labQur aOO II>< Uni""" Sin<hocak;
.he: """,,,,. of"'B,,,,,,,1 "",ial hi"Of)' ... he:re ",..,,,h,. .. ma,nuined I moo-.
CprIo).n"itn,,".".,""", physical prcsene •. and ,be ""Ii,-idu.al b,oaraptucs of ,,, n>Or<: ",. 1.1. c...>v ..... (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)( .... 1.<0,. 'hooI_ (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0).....
na'oo ...1 karkt-< (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) .. 0 Gooo..-oy(<d \ F". , ....._ __ H,,-.<>i_ n..-",,"/ AI'P""""'"
L""",,,,_ I 'l't0 _ pI"
Iralian " "ar<IIls"" S,'ndln lls'" and Ihe ·S...., ... nd (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
1900-14
woo.
mo.I of itS ,n «n'tal h.ly, Lnli! !he m,do.ne 19w... Tuscany. the:
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