Grammar of Spoken and Written English-Aamir Shehzad

815 Pages·2017·30.58 MB·English

Second

Edition
Transline
Grammar of Spoken
and Written English

A detailed approach to the grammar, usage and composition

Aamir Shehzad

(cid:1)
Eight years of research brings out this professional and

very practical course consisting of 800 pages.

(cid:1)
The book is like no other in Pakistan as it explains basic
and advanced concepts of the English grammar in Urdu.

(cid:1)
The approach of the book is simple and unique, making

you an expert in English.

Rahbar Publishers
Urdu Bazar, Karachi, Pakistan.
Transline
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)
Grammar of Spoken (cid:10)
(cid:9) (cid:11)
(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:1) (cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:1) (cid:5)(cid:20)
and Written English

(cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:1) (cid:23)
Aamir Shehzad

First Published: 2016

Second reprint: 2018

Published by:
Rahbar Publishers Pakistan.

Karachi: Nosheen Centre, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. Ph: 021-32628383, 021-32628484

Lahore: Mian Market, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Ph: 042-37232278
Rawalpindi: Shehzad Plaza, Gordan College Ro ad, Rawalpindi. Ph: 051-5773251

Multan: 144-B, Near Fatima Jinnah Park, G ulgasht Colony, Multan. Ph: 061-6511738

Hyderabad: Risala Road, Mehboob Centre, Hyderabad. Ph: 022-2781838

Rights reserved with the Publishers: (cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1) !(cid:1)"#(cid:1)$ (cid:29)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:25)(cid:1)(cid:26)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:5)(cid:28)

This book has been sold on the condition that (cid:1)%(cid:1)&’((cid:5)(cid:1))(cid:1)*(cid:28)(cid:1) ,+(cid:9)(cid:1)-.(cid:5)(cid:1)/(cid:1)0(cid:1)1(cid:1)*3(cid:1)2 (cid:9) (cid:26)54(cid:9)(cid:1)(cid:1)6(cid:1)%(cid:1)7(cid:28)(cid:1)8(cid:5)(cid:1)9: (cid:1);
it will not be published for trade, no part of the
(cid:1)<(cid:1)=(cid:26)>(cid:1)%(cid:1)?(cid:1)@(cid:5)(cid:1)*(cid:1)8(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:11),+ (cid:1)A(cid:1)B(cid:1)*(cid:1)C(cid:1)<(cid:1)D(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:11),+ (cid:1)A&(cid:13)E(cid:1)(cid:13)F(cid:1)G
book will be copied, and it will not be (cid:9) V
reprinted in any other form whatsoever. The (cid:1)HI,+ (cid:1)J(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:5)(cid:28)(cid:1)KL(cid:1)M(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:5)ON(cid:11) P4 (cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:26)(cid:5)(cid:1)A(cid:1)Q(cid:1)R((cid:1)S(cid:1)T(cid:1)UW+ (cid:1)XY(cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:11),+ (cid:1)Z(cid:26)(cid:1)[\(cid:26)(cid:21)

buyer will abide by these conditions.
(cid:1)‘(cid:1)C(cid:1)<(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:26)(cid:5)(cid:30)0(cid:1)a(cid:1)((cid:1)S(cid:1)bc(cid:13)(cid:1)-(cid:1)9(cid:1):(cid:1)](cid:1)%(cid:1)^(cid:1)_(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:30)Q(cid:1)0(cid:13)
However, the book may be referred to for 2
research purposes and some part of it can be (cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:31)d(cid:1) (cid:1)e(cid:1)fg(cid:5)(cid:1)h(cid:5)i(cid:1)(cid:13)F

used as reference.

All rights reserved. Reprint of this book is (cid:1)G(cid:1)%(cid:1)&’((cid:5)(cid:1)[j4(cid:11) k(cid:1))(cid:1)*(cid:1)l(cid:5)e(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:1) !(cid:1)"#(cid:1)$
prohibited without the written permission of 2 V 2 V
(cid:1)&mn(cid:1)X(cid:1)o(cid:1)%(cid:1)pW+ (cid:5)(cid:1)=(cid:13)q,+ (cid:26)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:30)0(cid:1)br(cid:1)pW+ (cid:5)(cid:1)=(cid:13)q+,(cid:26)(cid:21)(cid:1)*(cid:1)9:
Transline. For reprint, please contact Transline
(cid:10)
at: (cid:29){(cid:1)bc(cid:13)s(cid:1) (cid:1)t(cid:13)ON(cid:11) (cid:5)(cid:1)u(cid:1)[(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:1)vw(cid:1)x(cid:13)y-(cid:1)l(cid:5)e(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:1)z

Transline Transline

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
Dedication:
This book is dedicated to the Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alaih-e-wa-Aalehi-Wassalam),
the last of the Prophets.

The author

The author of this book, Aamir Shehzad, is an MBA in marketing. His areas of interests
include entrepreneurship, singing, mysticism, Iqbaliyaat, religious studies and learning
foreign languages.

Email: [email protected]

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Aamir Shehzad

CONTENTS PAGE

1. English Alphabet 001
1.1: Alphabet 001
1.2: Voiced Consonants 002
1.3: Unvoiced/ Voiceless Consonants 002
1.4: Pronunciation of letters 003
Exercise 1.0 003
2. Pronouns and Simple Sentences 004
2.1: Pronouns 004
2.2: Basic/Nominal and Verbal Sentences 004
2.3: Absolute Possessive Pronouns 006
Exercise 2.0 007
3. Genitives or Possessives 008
3.1: The s-Genitive and the of-Genitive 008
3.2: Uses of the s-Genitive 009
4. Question Words 011
4.1: Question Words 011
4.2: Usage Formula 011
Exercise 4.0 012
5. Verbs 013
5.1: Introduction 013
5.2: Regular Verbs 013
5.3: Pronunciation of‘d’/’ed’ 013
5.4: Pronunciation of‘s’/’es’ 014
5.5: Irregular Verbs 015
5.6: Forms of Irregular Verbs 015
5.7: Forms of Regular Verbs 019
5.8: Formation of –ing form 039
5.9: Special Pronunciation of ‘ed’ 041
5.10: Singular and Plural Helping Verbs 042
Exercise 5.0 043
6. Subject, Verb and Object 044
6.1: The Subject 044
6.2: The Verb 044
6.3: The Object 045
Exercise 6.0 045
7. The Verb “be” 046
7.1: Introduction 046
7.2: Structures with “be” 046
7.3: Conversation with “be” 050
Exercise 7.0 051

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
8. Tenses 052
8.0: Tenses (Introduction) 052
8.1: Present Indefinite Tense 055
8.2: Present Continuous Tense 065
8.3: Present Perfect Tense 069
8.4: Present Perfect Continuous Tense 073
8.5: Past Indefinite Tense 077
8.6: Past Continuous Tense 080
8.7: Past Perfect Tense 082
8.8: Past Perfect Continuous Tense 085
8.9: Future Indefinite Tense 087
8.10: Future Continuous Tense 091
8.11: Future Perfect Tense 093
8.12: Future Perfect Continuous Tense 095
8.13: Tense Simplification 097
9. Time in English 099
9.1: About Time 099
9.2: About Days and Dates 100
9.3: Calendars in Pakistan 101
Exercise 9.0 103
10. Modal Verbs 104
10.1: Can 104
10.2: Could 109
10.3: May and Might 112
10.4: Should and Ought to 119
10.5: Must 122
10.6: Need 125
10.7: Shall 127
10.8: Will 128
10.9: Would 129
11. Contractions 133
11.1: Pronoun + HV 133
11.2: Verb + not 133
11.3: Other Common Contractions 133
12. Conjugation of Verbs 134
12.1: Conjugation of “go” 134
12.2: Conjugation of “come” 135
12.3: Conjugation of “break” 136
12.4: Conjugation of “go” with Modals 137
12.5: Conjugation of “pay” with Modals 137
12.6: Conjugation of “teach” 138
12.7: Conjugation of “invite” 139
13. Abbreviations 140
13.1: Abbreviations 140
13.2: Acronyms 141
13.3: Clipping 142
13.4: Blending 142

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
14. The Passive Voice 143
14.0: The Passive Voice 143
14.1: Present Indefinite 147
14.2: Present Continuous 148
14.3: Present Perfect 148
14.4: Past Indefinite 149
14.5: Past Continuous 149
14.6: Past Perfect 149
14.7: Future Indefinite 150
14.8: Future Perfect 150
14.9: An Important Note 150
14.10: Kinds of Passive 154
(1) The Indirect Passive 154
(2) Passive with Modal Verbs 154
(3) Passive of Imperatives 155
(4) Passive with ‘get’ 156
(5) Passive with Infinitive 156
(6) Passive with ‘being’ 158
(7) Passive with ‘having been’ 158
(8) Passive for Reporting 159
(9) Passive with ‘there’ 160
14.11: Verbs with No Passive 160
14.12: Prepositional Verbs in Passive 160
Exercise 14.0 161
15. Counting and Numbers 163
15.1: Counting up to Hundred 163
15.2: Counting above Hundred 163
15.3: The Number System 164
15.4: Fractional Numbers 166
15.5: Measurements/ Quantities 166
15.6: Spoken Calculations 167
15.7: Use of ‘times’ 167
15.8: Use of ‘half’ 168
15.9: Hyphen in Numbers 169
Exercise 15.0 169
16. Spelling Rules 170
24 Different rules defined, including British
and American verb spelling differences. 170-176
17. Singulars and Plurals 177
17.1: Number in Verbs/Tenses 177
17.2: Basic Rules 178
17.3: Special Points 179
17.4: Plural of Some Special Words 184
18. Gender 185
18.1: Some Important Rules 185
18.2: Masculine/Famine Words 186
18.3: Animals and Their Babies 189

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
19. English Usage 190
19.1: About to 191
19.2: Ago and Before 192
19.3: Ahead, behind, back 193
19.4: All and whole 193
19.5: All right or alright? 194
19.6: All together and , altogether 194
19.7: Also, as well and too 195
19.8: Although, though, but, however, yet 195
19.9: Alternate and Alternative 196
19.10: As if, as though and like 196
19.11: Awake, awaken, woke, asleep 197
19.12: Be supposed to 197
19.13: Become, get, go, grow, turn 198
19.14: Before and after for place 198
19.15: Before and after in clauses 198
19.16: Before, in front of, opposite 199
19.17: Below and under 199
19.18: Beside and besides 200
19.19: Big, large and great 200
19.20: Either 201
19.21: Either of 201
19.22: Had better 202
19.23: Happen to 203
19.24: Have/Has and Have got/Has got 203
19.25: Hear and listen 209
19.26: Home and house 210
19.27: How to and Learn to 210
19.28: Just 210
19.29: Kind of, sort of, type of 211
19.30: Let 212
19.31: Likely 212
19.32: Look, see, watch 213
19.33: Many, much, more, most 213
19.34: More of, much of, a lot of 215
19.35: Neither 216
19.36: Not only…but also 217
19.37: Rather 217
19.38: Same to you and same here 218
19.39: Say and tell 219
19.40: Seem 219
19.41: Since 220
19.42: So 221
19.43: Such 222
19.44: Suggest 223
19.45: Take (for time) 223
19.46: This, That and It 224
19.47: Too 225
Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
19.48: Until and till 226
19.49: Used to 226
19.50: Wait and await 227
19.51: Want to 228
19.52: What, which, who, whose 229
19.53: Whether and if 230
20. Parts of Speech (Introduction) 231
20.1: Introduction to the Noun 231
20.2: Introduction to the Pronoun 232
20.3: Introduction to the Verb 232
20.4: Introduction to the Adjective 233
20.5: Introduction to the Adverb 233
20.6: Introduction to the Preposition 237
20.7: Introduction to the Conjunction 238
20.8: Introduction to the Interjection 239
20.9: Order of Words in English 240
21. The Noun 244
21.1: Uses of the Noun 244
21.2: Kinds of Nouns 246
21.3: Countable and Uncountable Nouns 249
21.4: Determiners, Premodifiers/Postmodifiers 252
21.5: The Noun Phrase 256
21.6: Compound Nouns 258
22. The Pronoun 259
22.1: Kinds of Pronouns 259
22.2: Demonstrative Pronouns 259
22.3: Personal Pronouns 259
22.4: Possessive Pronouns 262
22.5: Reflexive / Emphatic Pronouns 263
22.6: Indefinite Pronouns 266
22.7: Relative Pronoun 268
22.8: Interrogative Pronouns 273
22.9: Compound Relative Pronoun 273
22.10: Reciprocal Pronoun 274
23. The Verb 275
23.1: Introduction 275
23.2: Kinds of Verbs 276
23.3: Transitive Verbs 276
23.4: Intransitive Verbs 278
23.5: Ambitransitive Verbs 279
23.6: Linking Verbs / Copular Verbs / Verbs of Incomplete Predication 279
23.7: Helping Verbs/Auxiliaries (do, is, am) 280
23.8: Modal Verbs (can, could, may, should) 280
23.9: Non-Progressive Verbs / Stative Verbs 281
23.10: Finite and Non-Finite Verbs (Gerund, Participle, Infinitive) 282
23.11: Regular Verbs 282
23.12: Irregular Verbs 283
23.13: Special Points 283
Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
24. The Adjective 284
24.1: Degrees of Adjectives 284
24.2: Formation of Degrees 285
24.3: Use of Comparatives 288
24.4: Use of Superlatives 291
24.5: Positions of Adjectives 293
24.6: Important Point: Adjectives 294
24.7: Attributive and Predicative Uses 296
24.8: Adjective Patterns 296
24.9: Kinds of Adjectives 297
24.10: Adjective Phrases and Clauses 297
24.11: Suffices of Adjectives 298
24.12: Compound Adjectives 298
25. The Adverb 299
25.1: Kinds of Adverbs 299
25.2: Position of Adverbs 300
25.3: Difference between Adverbs and Preposition 302
26. The Preposition 304
26.0: Prepositions 304
26.1: Preposition of Time 305
26.2: Prepositions of Place 308
26.3: Kinds of Prepositions 309
26.4: Combinations with Prepositions 309
26.5: Useful Expressions with Prepositions 316
26.6: Prepositions for Directions 323
26.7: Positions of Prepositions 324
26.8: Expressions Without Prepositions 324
26.9: Usage of Prepositions 325
26.10: About 325
26.11: Above 325
26.12: Across 326
26.14: Along 326
26.13: Around 327
26.15: At 327
26.16: By 328
26.17: Down 329
26.18: For 329
26.19: From 330
26.20: In 331
26.21: Into 332
26.22: Of 333
26.23: Off 334
26.24: On 336
26.25: Onto 338
26.26: Out 339
26.26: Out of 339
26.27: Over 340
26.28: To 342
Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad
26.29: Under 343
26.30: Up 344
26.31: Through 345
26.32: With 346
26.33: Meaning of Preposition 347
27. The Conjunction 348
27.1: Classes of Conjunctions 348
27.2: Coordinating Conjunctions 348
27.3: Subordinating Conjunctions 350
27.4: Correlative Conjunctions 351
27.5: Errors with Conjunctions 351
28. The Interjection 352
28.1: The Introduction 352
28.2: Uses of Interjections 352
29. Collocations 355
29.1: Adverb + Adjective 356
29.2: Adverb + Present Participle (-ing form) 357
29.3: Adverb + Past Participle (3rd form) 358
29.4: Adjective + Noun 359
29.5: Adverb + Verb 360
29.6: Verb + Noun 360
29.7: Verb + Adjective 366
29.8: Verb + -ing form 368
29.9: Verb + Past Participle 368
29.10: Verb + Preposition 369
29.11: Adjective + Preposition 369
29.12: Past Participle + Preposition 370
30. Structures 371
79 Structures Explained 371
31. Word Formation 390
31.1: Nouns and Verbs 390
31.2: Nouns and Adjectives 393
31.3: Adjectives and Verbs 396
31.4: Prefixes and Suffixes 396
32. Synonyms and Antonyms 398
32.1: Synonyms 398
32.2: Antonyms 399
32.3: How to Form Antonyms 400
33. Easily Confused Words 402
33.1: Homophones and Homographs 402
33.2: Paroxysm 403
33.3: Homonyms 403
33.4: Heteronyms 403
33.5: Capitonyms 404
33.6: Oronyms 404
33.7: Confusing Words 404

Transline Grammar of Spoken and Written English – by Aamir Shehzad