GPI-Anchored Membrane Proteins and Carbohydrates (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit)

230 Pages·1999·1.34 MB·English

by  D Hoessli

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R.G. LANDES
C O M PA N Y
M B
OLECULAR IOLOGY
I
NTELLIGENCE
U 7
NIT
GPI-Anchored
Membrane Proteins
and Carbohydrates
Daniel C. Hoessli, M.D.
Department of Pathology
University of Geneva
Geneva, Switzerland
Subburaj Ilangumaran, B.V.Sc., Ph.D
Department of Pathology
University of Geneva
Geneva, Switzerland
R.G. LANDES
COMPANY
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M B I U
OLECULAR IOLOGY NTELLIGENCE NIT
GPI-Anchored Membrane Proteins and Carbohydrates
R.G. LANDES COMPANY
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GPI-anchored membrane proteins and carbohydrates / edited by Daniel C. Hoessli,
Subburaj Ilangumaran.
p. cm. -- (Molecular biology intelligence unit)
ISBN 1-57059-557-7 (alk. paper)
1. Membrane proteins. 2. Phosphoinositides. 3. Glycoconjugates.
I. Hoessli, Daniel. II. Ilangumaran, Subburaj. III. Series.
QP 552.M44G75 1999
571.6'.4--dc21 98-43470
CIP
M B
OLECULAR IOLOGY
I
NTELLIGENCE
U 7
NIT
P ’ N
UBLISHERS OTE
GPI-Anchored
Landes Bioscience produces books in six Intelligence Unit series:
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Daniel C. Hoessli, M.D.
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Department of Pathology
the manuscript. We would like to thank our readers for their
University of Geneva
continuing interest anGd ewneelcvoam, Se wanityz ceormlamndents or suggestions they
may have for future books.
Subburaj Ilangumaran, B.V.Sc., Ph.D
Michelle Wamsley
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CONTENTS
1. GPI-Anchored Biomolecules—
An Overview..............................................................................................1
Martin G. Low
Discovery of GPI Anchors.......................................................................1
Distribution of GPI Anchors ..................................................................3
Why Use a GPI Molecule for Membrane Anchoring?...........................5
Does the GPI Anchor Have Additional Functions
Besides Anchoring Proteins to the Cell Surface?...............................7
Summary................................................................................................11
2. Biosynthesis of GPIs in Mammalian Cells.............................................15
Anant K. Menon and Peter Bütikofer
GPI Anchor Assembly...........................................................................15
GPI Lipid Remodeling...........................................................................19
Inhibitors of GPI Biosynthesis..............................................................20
Attachment of GPI to Protein...............................................................20
Subcellular Location and Membrane Topology
of GPI Biosynthesis ...........................................................................21
3. Organization of GPI-Anchored Proteins in Mammalian
Cell Membranes.......................................................................................29
Satyajit Mayor and Teymuras V. Kurzchalia
Lateral Heterogeneity in Cell Membranes ...........................................29
Association of GPI-Anchored Proteins with Domains,
Detergent-Insoluble Complexes and Caveolae................................30
Mechanisms of Detergent Insolubility.................................................33
Direct Evidence for GPI-Anchored Protein Domains
in Living Cell Membranes................................................................. 34
Functional Implications of GPI-Anchored Protein Domains ............35
Summary................................................................................................38
4. Signaling through GPI-Anchored Receptors.........................................43
Subburaj Ilangumaran, Peter J. Robinson and Daniel C. Hoessli
Association of GPI-Linked Receptors with Transmembrane
Proteins into Receptor Complexes...................................................43
Detergent-Resistant Sphingolipid Microdomains as Signaling
Platforms for GPI-Anchored Receptors...........................................48
Sphingolipid Microdomains and Caveolae..........................................51
Localization and Regulation of Src Family PTKs in Sphingolipid
Microdomains................................................................................... 52
Transmembrane Receptors Requiring the Participation
of Sphingolipid Microdomains for Signaling..................................55
Interactions of the Sphingolipid Microdomains
with Transmembrane Proteins: Implications
for Proximal
Signaling Events.................................................................................56
Role of the GPI Anchor in Signaling....................................................56
GPI Anchor-Derived Second Messengers............................................57
Signaling via GPI-Anchored Glycoproteins of the Lymphocytes.......57
Summary................................................................................................59
5. GPI-Anchored Proteins of Leucocytes: Inventory, Structural
Properties and Functions........................................................................71
Vacláv Horejsí, Petr Dráber and Hannes Stockinger
CD14 ......................................................................................................71
CD16b....................................................................................................73
CD24 ......................................................................................................74
CD48 ......................................................................................................75
CD52 ......................................................................................................75
CD55 ......................................................................................................75
CD58 (LFA-3)........................................................................................75
CD59 ......................................................................................................76
CD66 ......................................................................................................76
CD73 ......................................................................................................76
CD87 ......................................................................................................77
CD90 ......................................................................................................78
CDw108.................................................................................................. 79
CD109 ....................................................................................................79
CD157 (Mo5, BST-1)............................................................................79
RT6.........................................................................................................79
Melanotransferrin..................................................................................80
Ly-6.........................................................................................................80
Other Leucocyte GPI-anchored Proteins.............................................81
6. GPI-Anchored Proteins in the Nervous System....................................93
David A. Harris
Growth Factor Receptors......................................................................93
Molecules Involved in Axonal and Synaptic Adhesion.......................95
Caveolae and Detergent-Resistant Rafts ..............................................96
Possible Functions of Rafts in the Nervous System.............................97
Prions.....................................................................................................99
Summary..............................................................................................104
7. GPI-Anchored Complement Regulatory Molecules...........................109
Carmen W. van den Berg and B. Paul Morgan
The Complement System....................................................................109
Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF, CD55)...........................................110
CD59 ....................................................................................................116
Homologous Restriction Factor .........................................................121
Why Are So Many C-Regulatory Molecules Anchored
through a GPI Anchor?...................................................................122
8. GPI-Containing Molecules of Pathogenic Mycobacteria
and Protozoa..........................................................................................131
Pascal Schneider and Daniel C. Hoessli
Mycobacterial GPI-Linked Molecules................................................131
GPI in Protozoa...................................................................................133
Summary..............................................................................................149
9. Enzymes Cleaving the Phosphodiester Bond in the GPI Anchor.......167
Martin G. Low and Urs Brodbeck
GPI Anchor-Cleaving Phospholipases from Bacteria........................ 167
GPI Anchor-Cleaving Phospholipase C (GPI-PLC)
from Trypanosomes........................................................................169
GPI Anchor-Cleaving Activity in Plants ............................................170
Mammalian GPI-PLC......................................................................... 171
Mammalian GPI-PLD.........................................................................172
Summary..............................................................................................180
10. Intercellular Transfer of GPI-Anchored Molecules............................187
Isabelle A. Rooney
Possible Functions of the GPI Anchor...............................................187
Evidence that GPI-Anchored Proteins can Transfer
between Cell Membranes................................................................ 188
Mechanisms by which Cells Acquire Exogenous
GPI-Anchored Proteins .................................................................. 189
Mechanisms by which Cells Release GPI-Anchored Proteins ..........190
Importance of Intercellular GPI-Anchored Protein Transfer...........192
11. Engineering GPI-Anchored Proteins...................................................197
Periasamy Selvaraj, Rebecca S. McHugh and Shanmugam Nagarajan
Naturally Occurring Membrane Isoforms of Cell Surface
Glycoproteins ..................................................................................197
Transmembrane Proteins Engineered
into GPI-Anchored Forms..............................................................198
Comparative Studies Using Naturally Occurring
and Genetically Engineered Membrane Isoforms.........................199
GPI-Mediated Protein Transfer..........................................................201
Potential Application of GPI-Protein Transfer
in Tumor Immunotherapy.............................................................203
Summary..............................................................................................205
Index ................................................................................................................213

EDITORS
Daniel C. Hoessli, M.D.
Department of Pathology
University of Geneva
Geneva, Switzerland
Chapters 4 and 8
Subburaj Ilangumaran, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
Department of Pathology
University of Geneva
Geneva, Switzerland
Chapter 4
CONTRIBUTORS
Urs Brodbeck, Ph.D. Vaclav Horejsi, Ph.D.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Institute of Molecular Genetics
Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech
University of Berne Republic
Berne, Switzerland Prague, Czech Republic
Chapter 9 Chapter 5
Peter Butikofer, Ph.D. Teymuras V. Kurzchalia, Ph.D.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Max-Delbrueck-Centre for Molecular
Biology Medicine
University of Berne Berlin, Germany
Berne, Switzerland Chapter 3
Chapter 2
Martin G. Low, B.Sc., Ph.D., FRS
Petr Draber, Ph.D. Department of Physiology and Cellular
Department of Mammalian Gene Biophysics
Expression Columbia University Health Sciences
Institute of Molecular Genetics New York, New York, U.S.A.
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Chapters 1 and 9
Republic
Prague, Czech Republic Satyajit Mayor, Ph.D.
Chapter 5 National Centre for Biological Sciences
TIFR Centre, IISC Campus
David A. Harris, M.D., Ph.D. Bangalore, India
Department of Cell Biology and Chapter 3
Physiology
Washington University School of Rebecca S. McHugh, Ph.D.
Medicine National Institute of Health
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
Chapter 6 Chapter 11