Table Of Content
Goyal’s
IIT FOUNDATION COURSE
CHEMISTRY
cas 10
By
A. Ramakrishna
Principal
‘Johnson Foundation Schoo!
Hyderanad
GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
New Delhi
GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
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Preface
In today’s competiive word, stusenls need to tackle corpettive exams in oder to
feneure a suocesstul career, This can he achieved only by having a thorough knowledge
of the subject which wil help them ta stengthen the application of the fundamental
eancepis and enhance their prabiam salving skis
The “IT Foundation Series Chemistry" books for classes 6 lo 10 ara designed 10
provide a solid base to the students who aspire to undertake the IIT and other
campetitve exams for entrance to engineering instlutions after Glass 12. k wil also
ensure ther excellent peiformance in all ether simiar competitive exams with ease
The distinction teaturas of this serles ara
1 The syllabus goes beyond ine usual school syllabus la cover a wider agpedt ol the
subject.
1 Textbook and Practice Material are present in a single book,
1A concise description of each topic with important concepts, datinition ancl
words,
1 Important points al the and of each enapler giving brie! summary ol the concapis
learned in the chapter.
1 Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based on the latest
examination pattern,
1 Challenging questions’problams solved far encauraging tha students to came up
wilh solutions ol mora tough questionerproblams on their own
1 Challenging questionsiprablems solved for encouraging the students to come up
‘with selufons of more tough questians:problems on theit ov
1 Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Concaptual Problems, Multiple
Gholee Guestions, Numarteal Problems, Paragraph Quesilons, Assertion and
Reasoning Questions, ele. as asked in tha IIT entrance exams.
The seties hope to serve as a selt-leaming Wit to the students which will give them the
confidence to take up any entrance exam as a challenge.
Any queriesisuggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher.
We will etiva our bast to solve theca quetias and incorporate and suggestions given
lous
— Author
Contents
CHAPTER 1
4 Atomic Structure 120
Inraduton 4 Bohr’ Exanation of Hyogen
‘Atomic Models: a ‘Spertrum
uterine nce Mode, wat. (> mabe of Quantum Mumbers
tows Wave Theory if lof Beeorie Confirion
Pianck’s Quantum Theory {1900} 2 ‘a Radius of Orbits of Iiydropen Atom
‘Atomic Spectra 6 ‘a Energy of the Orbits of Hydrogen Atom
tes Atomic Mode! cL impitont Pings te hraember
cHNPTER?
Periodic Table 21-59
Introduction Ph tren Gas Eerente es
Imvrtanut of Casing temens #1 Speci Hames of the Grouse s
seine eras a csiteton «St Rede ropes ard Pv
Modern Periodic Table
Concept ul Uifferentiating Flectron
Sinnifcance of Sutnes in Group
Numeers ‘
Blocks In the Madern Periodic Table. 24
Representative Elements or Nownal
laments
Transition. Elements
Inner Transition Elements s
Ataric Properties :
Variation of Atomic Radios »
Variation of larization Potential 2
Variatlon af electron Affinity %
\Vriation uf Elactronegatvnty
Lanthanide Contraction
Some Special Atoms
Uivportant Points to Remember
chemical Bonding A055
cuore
Alkali Earth Metals 36-64
Physical Properties and their Gradation
Chemical Properties and thelr
credlation
Metals arid Metallurgy
Introduction
Characteristics of Metals
Occurrence
Metalray
Steps m Metallurgy
Dressing and Concentration af Ore
Conversion ef Ore into Oxide
++ Anomalous @chaviour of Be 5a
+ Ores of Alkali Earth Metals sa
* lmportant Paints to Remember se
CHAPTER 5
(Extraction of Metalh
Pusiication and Refining of Meals
Metallurgy of Aleminum
(Halls Process} ms
» Metallurgy ot iron
Metallurgy af Zine
aber Above a
Reduction of OFe to Pure Metal «Corrosion ~ 2 Special Discussion ”
CHAPTER 6
Acids and Bases ase0
Introduction 23» pH and pow a
Propettles of Acids and Basus a2» Salt Hydrolysis aa
Aci ase Theories He Types of Salts ey
‘Arrhenius’ Theory
Bronsted ~ Lowry Theory
lewis Theory
Tonic Product of Water. K,
Inleoduetion
Common Terms
pes of Solutions
Concept of Dispersion Systems
Properties of True Solutions
“Types of True Sotutions
Selby
Saturated, Unsaturated,
Supersaturated Solutions
Invoduction
Hloctolyic Cel
Metalle and Eleetraytic conductors
‘Common ton Effect
By» Buffer solutions
Be Indieators
5 Some useful fate
+ Important Points to Rememoer »
CHAPTER 7
Solutions 100-112
2s Egullibrium in Saturated Solution. 125
Yea nergy Changes during Dissolution .. 165
+ Effect of Temperature on Solublty 138
+ Solubility Graphs ba
» Expressing Canceraration “
94 Standard Solutions a
10g © Some important Points to Remember . 108
= Summary 0
wwe
CHAPTER &
Gectrolysis aa
3:3» Terms used In electrofsis ae
13 Blectrovtes aa
TS» Hole of Lectrodes 25
‘isheniss Theory of lonlsetion «+ Preterantial Dcharae of Ions
hararroristis of Electrolysis 1 Examples of Electrolysis.
lectrachernical sees 256+ Applleations of Flertrotysis
CHAPTER 9
Organic Chemistry
Intraduction Carbon Lm « Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Occurrence FH} # Tests to Distinguish Alka,
Allatropes of Carbon oS alkenes are alkynes
«Functional Groups
Organic Campounds o
Cassfaton of Organic + Alcohols
Compounds ait Carbonic Acids
Homelagous Series ie e Esters
Hydrocarbons hz Aldehydes
Saturated Hydrocarbons-alkanes on 1
Xt Hydrocarbons-Alka ‘$4 some otver Functional Groups
'somersm = Some important Peinis to
Alkyl Group Remember
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and Oils
Introduction Si Aming Acids and Proteins
Carbohydrates «Lipids Ois and tats
Manutacture of Sugar yo Seapsand Detergents
nufacture of Aeahob (Ethane ‘sume Important Points to
Manufacture of alcohol (Ethanol) =. seme Imp
CHAPTER IL
Stoichiometry
Introduction iu; Mole Concept ~the ¥eiagram
‘onic Weight, Gram 1 Gay Lnssac’s Law of Combining
‘Atomic Weight and Gramt-atom ws volumes
Molecular Weight, Gram Molecular + Avogaco’s Law
‘eight and Gram-molecule £83 Apolleations of Avogadro's Law
Definition of Mole + Stoichiometric calewations
CHAPTER 12
chemistry and Industry
Inereuction Te} Synthatic Fibres
Cement VHP Plastles
Bleaching Powder 173 Rubber
Plaster of Paris + Pharmaceuticals
Quick time » Byes
Sloss + Some Important Polnts 0
Man made organic compounds we Remember
CHAPTER 13
Nuclear Chemistry 0-204
Inraduction 59+ Modes of decay 293
atiactty + Group Displacement Law 9
Discovery of Polanium and Radium ike > Hole-life Perlod 195
Types of Radicative Rays ls Mass Defect and Binding
General Propertics of Radioactive Energy of the Nucleus 195
Radiators 250 Nucor stabity 196
Detection and Messurement of «Radioactive Series 198
faba . ‘+ Special Atoms 206
‘peries of Pays ‘* Atificial Transrmutation
Properties of Bays (Nuclear Reactions} 2
Properties of Y Rays * Nuclear Reactions versus
Coraparion between tt, Band hemi! Reactions 200
YAavs : » Preparation of Transuranic
Types of Raioactity st Elements 20
Radioactive Decay a
Nuclear Fission and Nudlesr Fuslon. 221.
‘Applications of Racloactve Radlations 201
CHAPTER 14
Analytical Chemistry Cad
Intredvtion 285 Identiieation of Catfont 209
Common Gases 205 Identification of Anions 0
‘Aetion on Litmus on Common Gases + Distinguishing between an
‘Acid and an Alka m2
Gases can be Identified by
Specific Tests 206
Series Content
Nature of Matter
Pera and Mixed Subtstumces
Elements, Cemmonnds aad Mixtuves
Blesents Compounde asl Mixtures
halve oo Mattor
Symbels, Forunlay and Hyualions
awe of Chemical Combination
tome Stmture
Aeclow of Heat ow
ushoemation of Svbstanose
yabols, Formulae and Eqaatisms
Typer of Chemceal Changes
Atomic Ststnee
Perinlis Clavife
Chonissi Houdtns
Water and Tle Constinvente
Tydrngen
lements, Compeuals and Misturee
Stable, Furanulae and Tiguatione
Gaescun State and Ge Law
Beni: Structure
Pesiodic Callison
Chetuteal Huading
Chernin,
Chessieal yeilbrisen
Periodic Table
Oheaseal Bu ading
Alles Taeth Motals
Metals and Nise ingy
Dida aud Fae
i
Class!
Beane wow
Class &.
3 Stady of Group
1. Aralptiea! Cb
Symbol and betula
Ghenges Revol
Winter
Ai
Acide, Baace wud Sa
Chencitey in Daily Tle
Air
Vase
Chamgee Arsand
Eulpsur and fie Congrincs
Natioges and Th Cor soennde
Stady af Ceona TVA,
Phorntescus aud Mle Cu
Ge wavs Sats and Le Const
Melaly aid Nw Notal
Sudy uf Gress IVA Tenant tre
ped ity Oxides
Std of Cron YA.
end Jes Cosnpoueale
lady uf Grosse VIA Flomant. 0
Study af Gros ¥-8
JIphae and Te Cove
Jecnecson
Chlovine
Hcctealysig
On
Cathal dates, Pesteius, Fate ani OH:
iskiomley
2. Chensiry ad industry
lar Chemnistes
1 | Atomic Structure
te wore exacts, all of sciaic bowl
edge were ta be destroyed. and onle one sentence
parted cit ta the next generarion of creatures. what
Ftement wid ronan the mast infomation i te
{fewest words? F lies i ig the atomic bsposies
Blas ell shings ute nude of aims fie puncles
that move around in perpoive! ination, aracting
20h ater when they anew hte distance apare, but
repelling ypon bring sipieezed imo ane anotver. be
sax ane seaserce. sop wi ee Sone 5a enormous
famous of iaderntion about the wot if ye iste
Taina and thinking ee epi
Bichara Pemaman
1.0 INTRODUCTION
alton repose ia 1808 Ta stu as isis
‘bi. Thi proposal seus proved inong due Wo the
Findings of the aicharge experimen,
Datta’ propa abt atoms the same ee
sum Vein sini in all eepects was aly ploved
seavig shen feomper ‘ele dscovere,
Yer amor proposal of Dalom about atone of
ditorom cmos sing slifeent in all msgpsire as
proved wrong veben oburs (tems of difeeat ele
ames wilh snpe ross aumber) ete discovered
[Daten ws aan proved wrong ahone wom com
Dining in small tine when macromolocples Tike
colhibee were dsooreted, [Callulse is «C\IT Oy.
vabete n is a lange auniber
DDatonts min aehisvomen. was tbat he suid
rater ar the micro Tosel an gave praporals hat
‘pecan the basis of fUbar research oti town,
i the previows classe we hve Jeural some
importants bo heaton
Arimie Numer af an elemone is che number af
prtots in the atous Tis equal w dae nub uf
lets inthe neutral ator,
Mant Namier of am clamant in tke mumher of
enon and mettrone im the micleae of ths atom,
Ihotupes zoe aloes of ap sleet hat lve sae
tome number but differnt muss worber
leah: ane auoin of litre clomonts that have
Jigiren scone uber bur same amiss mnaber
‘The em ritio of cathe ray partcks is 9 con
stant, This shoes that dss pamiese are preci in
all tous
he wie rain of canal ray pati not a vor
stant forall gisss, Hoover. ci eatin 6 fm
Ihave the Tagpest value whom Iypdogen gas it gee
‘This leads to the ounclnsion that tbe positively
ebay patil i Matoun isthe sale positively
charged pantie (unit postive change.
1.4 ATOMIC MODELS
1 seam clear by the el of Ue 19th exttury Cal
fay the auom vam divi, an
fh) the wtom waz madks up oF smaller partes,
‘The noxt hig. question rhat scictists ried 1
answer sas ta ind out busy the partis age "ar
angel vide De shou
‘An atomic model gives the aurangemeat of the
sub unc partis inside te afoun
4.2 RUTHERFORD'S ATOMIC MODEL, 1911
Rexford, ring on th: observations aux! cot
clusions of Lis alpha setting expetiogtts, gave
the follosring postulates
‘A stun is & bullow spb buy in hid,
(a “Vhs axa hs a sama esnie region alld. the
(0) The entice positive dange i in the mack
fe) "The mas of tbe alum is alms ently due 16
this teens
(@) The ckotmns cove af hgh velocity smn’ te
douctous in esculae pat) and ave aepligible
‘To explain the stahiiry of th atom in is mee,
Ruched twnther pectaced that. me cypee af
faxees operate in te lou, These forces wet eytal
tad apposite lo each her
GA cmenpetat force tae polls the seetons ta-
‘wars the uncles dne «0 cloctstae Ruse of
lleva, and
(oy A coxeiyeal force that pollk the electron
say from the mules doe ta high speed af
Ahi revettian ground the mists,
Ties Sore
