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Series Editors: Asit K. Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada
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Dogan Altinbilek (Ankara, Turkey)
Chennat Gopalakrishnan (Honolulu, USA)
Jan Lundqvist (Linköping, Sweden)
Alexandra Pres (Berlin, Germany)
Anthony Turton (Pretoria, South Africa)
Olli Varis (Helsinki, Finland)
Anthony R. Turton
Hanlie J. Hattingh
Gillian A. Maree
Dirk J. Roux
Marius Claassen
Wilma F. Strydom
Editors
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With 45 Figures
Dr. Anthony R Turton Ms. Hanlie J. Hattingh
Gibb-SERA Chair in IWRM Council for Scientific and Industrial
CSIR Research (CSIR)
PO Box 395 PO Box 395
Pretoria 0001 South Africa
0001 South Africa Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Ms. Gillian A. Maree Dr. Dirk J. Roux
Council for Scientific and Industrial Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) Research (CSIR)
PO Box 395 PO Box 395
Pretoria Pretoria
0001 South Africa 0001 South Africa
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Dr. Marius Claassen Ms. Wilma F. Strydom
Council for Scientific and Industrial Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) Research (CSIR)
PO Box 395 PO Box 395
Pretoria Pretoria
0001 South Africa 0001 South Africa
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006936487
ISBN-10 3-540-46265-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-46265-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
The last two decades have been marked by a dramatic increase in global
attention to the concept of governance, especially in relation to the effec-
tive and sustainable management of natural resources. During this period,
issues of water governance have received particular attention, for example
in relation to the provision of reliable water supplies as a catalyst for pov-
erty eradication. Within the context of the Millennium Development
Goals, and against a backdrop of an increasing frequency of water crises
(ranging from widespread flooding to severe water scarcity), it is essential
that each country (and particularly those countries that face development
challenges) should be in a position to ensure that access to water is avail-
able to those who need it most. This issue has been highlighted by the
Global Water Partnership, which stated that the water crisis facing the
world is in reality a crisis of governance.
The South African political environment has changed dramatically in
recent years, and the central concepts of social equity and the right to a
healthy environment are now entrenched in the country’s Constitution.
These concepts are supported by several new laws, in particular the Na-
tional Environmental Management Act and the National Water Act, which,
in turn, are based on the principles of sustainable development. However,
despite the highly desirable attributes of these landmark pieces of legisla-
tion, South African authorities are still struggling to implement the re-
quirements of these Acts almost a decade after their promulgation.
Investigations by the South African CSIR into possible reasons for non-
implementation of legislation and government tools revealed the pivotal
role of governance issues. Importantly, the investigations also indicated
that an incomplete understanding of the importance of governance was a
central reason for the lack of successful implementation. This research
confirmed the findings reported in the international literature that the con-
cept of “governance” had not really been properly defined and fully ex-
plored. Countries and regions differed in their understanding and interpre-
tation of “governance”, whilst equally wide differences were recorded in
countries that had different levels of socio-economic and political devel-
opment.
In an effort to unpack the so-called “black box” of governance, a group
of specialists from different countries was invited to review governance is-
sues related to their areas of technical specialization, covering different
levels of development and maturity of democracy. Each specialist was also
challenged to interrogate the new ‘Trialogue’ hypothesis on governance
vi Preface
during the International Symposium on Ecosystem Governance that was
held in South Africa from 10-14 October 2005.
The Trialogue hypothesis was based on research conducted by the CSIR
and is explained in Chapter 1.
Although the CSIR’s research has focussed on integrated water resource
management (IWRM), this cannot, and should not, be considered in isola-
tion. Several other important factors influence IWRM and help to shape
ecosystem health. Consequently, the symposium took a holistic view of
ecosystem governance, with the main objectives of the symposium to:
• Unpack “governance”, through the exchange of ideas and experience
between specialists from different disciplines and countries; and
• Develop a research agenda on ecosystem governance.
The solicited manuscripts presented at the symposium addressed spe-
cific topics and were written by selected authors; each manuscript was re-
viewed by at least two external referees before being selected for publica-
tion. Selected manuscripts were chosen for publication in a special edition
of the journal “Water Policy” entitled: “Case studies of Government-
Society-Science as a Trialogue: Towards a Governance Research
Agenda”, to be published by World Water Council. The other manuscripts
presented at the symposium were selected for publication in this book.
The manuscripts published in this book focuses on interrogating the Tri-
alogue Model and hypotheses from different perspectives. The final part of
book revisits the Trialogue model and hypotheses and summarises a new
research agenda for ecosystem governance.
Special thanks are due to the group of key southern African stakeholders
– Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa), Global Water
Partnership Southern Africa, UNESCO and the Water Research Commis-
sion (South Africa) – who partnered the CSIR in arranging and supporting
the International Symposium on Ecosystem Governance. Without their en-
thusiastic backing and commitment, the subsequent publications and the
research agenda that emerged from the symposium would not have been
possible. Thanks also to Prof Asit Biswas and Springer-Verlag who have
graciously allowed us to publish this book.
The Editors
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank the following people and organizations for
making both the International Symposium on Ecosystem Governance and
this publication possible:
Authors and Participants
Without the willingness, enthusiasm, patience and dedication of all the
authors and participants, the symposium and publications would not have
been possible. We trust you will enjoy the outcomes of our combined ef-
forts.
Funding partners
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) would like to
thank their funding partners for supporting this initiative:
• Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa
• Global Water Partnership Southern Africa
• UNESCO
• Water Research Commission
• Universities Partnership for Transboundary Waters (UPTW)
• Distell Ltd., South Africa.
Publishers
These publications are largely due to the support received from:
• Prof. Asit Biswas, Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Water
Resources Development and President of the Third World Centre for
Water Management; and
• Dr Jerome Delli Priscoli, Editor in Chief of Water Policy and Member
of the World Water Council
viii Acknowledgements
External Reviewers
Thank you for the efficient, timeous and constructive manner in which the
peer reviews were completed. Your participation has ensured a quality
product. The peer reviewers were:
Name Affiliation Country
Dr Alfonso Rivera Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada
Ms Anna Matros Global Water Partnership Namibia
Dr Anthony Turton CSIR/AWIRU South Africa
Dr Bill Rowlston Department of Water Affairs and Forestry South Africa
Dr Bob Scholes CSIR South Africa
Prof Charles Breen University of KwaZulu Natal South Africa
Dr David le Maitre CSIR South Africa
Dr Dirk Roux CSIR South Africa
Mr Duard Barnard Duard Barnard and Associates South Africa
Dr Emmanuel Manzungu University of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
Prof Eugene Cloete University of Pretoria South Africa
Prof Geoffrey D. Gooch Jean Monnet Chair of European Political Integration Sweden
Mr Harry Biggs SANParks South Africa
Mr Irene Saayman CSIR South Africa
Mr Jan Koster Development Bank of South Africa South Africa
Ms Jane Burt Rhodes University South Africa
Dr Jeffta Sakupwanya Global Water Partnership Zimbabwe
Dr Jerome Delli Priscoli World Water Council and US Army Core of Engineers USA
Dr Johan de Beer CSIR South Africa
Dr Ken Conca University of Maryland USA
Dr Kevin Murray Insight Modelling South Africa
Dr Kevin Pietersen Water Research Commission South Africa
Prof Larry Swatuk Harry Oppemheimer Okavango Research Centre Botswana
Ms Linda Godfrey CSIR South Africa
Dr Luis E Marin Mexican National University: Geophysics Institute Mexico
Ms Marina Joubert Southern Science South Africa
Prof Michael Campana University of New Mexico USA
Dr Nevil Quinn University of the West of England South Africa
Mr Nyambe Nyambe University of KwaZulu Natal South Africa
Dr Owen McIntyre University College Cork Ireland
Prof Peter Ashton CSIR South Africa
Mr Piet Heyns Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development Namibia
Mr Quinton Espey Department of Water Affairs and Forestry South Africa
Ms Raya Stephan UNESCO France
Prof Richard Cowling Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa
Dr Rob Fincham University of KwaZulu Natal South Africa
Prof Rob O'Donoghue Rhodes University South Africa
Sandile Zeka University of KwaZulu Natal South Africa
Ms Sandra Fowkes Ukuvuka Trust South Africa
Dr Steve Mitchell Water Research Commission South Africa
Mr Willie Enright Department of Water Affairs and Forestry South Africa
Acknowledgements ix
CSIR Symposium Organising Team and Editorial Committee
The symposium organising team was responsible for the planning, organi-
sation, logistics and administration, right from conceptualising the sympo-
sium to the drafting the Proceedings. The editorial committee identified
the authors and topics, screened the draft manuscripts, commented on the
second draft manuscripts, selected manuscripts for publication, assisted
with the publication’s layout and co-authored the prefaces and conclu-
sions. Your support, enthusiasm and commitment made this event a suc-
cess.
The Symposium Organising Team was: Hanlie Hattingh, Marelize
Moolman, Peter MacMillan, Gillian Maree, Wilma Strydom, Joy Leaner,
Thabo Sekonyela, Marius Claassen, Dirk Roux, and Anthony Turton.
The Editorial Committee was: Hanlie Hattingh, Gillian Maree, Wilma
Strydom, Joy Leaner, Marius Claassen, Dirk Roux, Peter Ashton and An-
thony Turton.
Mike Coke (language editing), Amanda van der Mescht (format edit-
ing) and Gillian Maree (co-ordinating the peer review and editing proc-
esses) are specifically acknowledged for their contribution and effort,
within tight time frames and under stressful circumstances.
x Acknowledgements
Editors’ Biographies
Dr. Anthony Turton occupies the Gibb-SERA Chair in IWRM at the
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa. He
also heads the African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU) at the Uni-
versity of Pretoria and is the current President of the Universities Partner-
ship for Transboundary Waters.
Ms Hanlie Hattingh is integrated water resource management and envi-
ronmental governance specialist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) in South Africa. She is the project leader for the govern-
ance initiative within the CSIR and is a member of IAIAsa, with experi-
ence in implementation of legislation. She registered for her PhD on the
topic during 2005.
Ms Gillian Maree’s research experience covers the fields of conservation
ecology, spatial planning, ecosystem governance and knowledge manage-
ment. She currently works as a researcher at the CSIR within a Research
Group focusing on Water Resources Governance Systems.
Dr Dirk Roux's scientific experience covers the fields of aquatic toxicol-
ogy, conservation planning, design of monitoring programmes, environ-
mental reporting, adaptive resource management, policy development, and
institutional learning and knowledge sharing processes. He works as a
principle researcher and project leader for the CSIR.
Dr Marius Claassen is experienced in water resource management, risk
assessment and decision support and has been involved in projects in the
region, and internationally. He managed the Water Resource Management
group at the CSIR and was recently appointed as the Strategic Planning
Manager for the Business Unit. He completed his PhD thesis during 2005.
Ms Wilma Strydom is from the CSIR and research focuses on communi-
cating science for the River Health Programme and other environmental
projects. She has a keen interest in the impact of science communication
on water resource management and river conservation.
Contents
Preface v
Foreword: Inaugural Speeches at the International Symposium on
Ecosystem Governance
Phera S Ramoeli xix
Khungeka Njobe xxv
Jerome Delli Priscoli xxix
List of Contributors xli
Introduction
Towards a Model for Ecosystem Governance: An Integrated Water
Resource Management Example,
By Anthony R Turton, J Hattingh, Marius Claassen, Dirk J Roux and Peter
J Ashton
Introduction 2
Drivers of Change in Integrated Water Resource Manage- 3
ment
The Role and Importance of Governance 7
Redefining the Problem 11
A New Perspective: The Trialogue Model of Governance 12
Conclusion 25
References 25
Part 1: An Overview of Governance
Global Experience on Governance
By Alan W Hall
An Interconnected World 29
Understanding Governance 30
Global Governance in a Globalising World 32
Need for Effective Global Environmental Governance 33
Principles for Effective Global Environmental Governance 35
Conclusion 36
References 37
