Governance Approaches to Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Asia

297 Pages·2013·1.656 MB·English

by  Huong Ha, Tek Nath Dhakal (eds.)

Energy,ClimateandtheEnvironmentSeries
SeriesEditor:DavidElliott,EmeritusProfessorofTechnologyPolicy,Open
University,UK
Titlesinclude:
ManuelaAchillesandDanaElzey(editors)
ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYINTRANSATLANTICPERSPECTIVE
AMultidisciplinaryApproach
LucaAnceschiandJonathanSymons(editors)
ENERGYSECURITYINTHEERAOFCLIMATECHANGE
TheAsia-PacificExperience
PhilipAndrews-Speed
THEGOVERNANCEOFENERGYINCHINA
ImplicationsforFutureSustainability
IanBaileyandHughCompston(editors)
FEELINGTHEHEAT
ThePoliticsofClimatePolicyinRapidlyIndustrializingCountries
GawdatBahgat
ALTERNATIVEENERGYINTHEMIDDLEEAST
MehmetEfeBiresselioglu
EUROPEANENERGYSECURITY
Turkey’sFutureRoleandImpact
DavidElliott(editor)
NUCLEARORNOT?
DoesNuclearPowerHaveaPlaceinaSustainableFuture?
DavidElliott(editor)
SUSTAINABLEENERGY
OpportunitiesandLimitations
HuongHaandTekNathDhakal(editors)
GOVERNANCEAPPROACHESTOMITIGATIONOFANDADAPTATIONTO
CLIMATECHANGEINASIA
HoraceHerringandSteveSorrell(editors)
ENERGYEFFICIENCYANDSUSTAINABLECONSUMPTION
TheReboundEffect
HoraceHerring(editor)
LIVINGINALOW-CARBONSOCIETYIN2050
MattiKojoandTapioLitmanen(editors)
THERENEWALOFNUCLEARPOWERINFINLAND
AntonioMarquina(editor)
GLOBALWARMINGANDCLIMATECHANGE
ProspectsandPoliciesinAsiaandEurope
CatherineMitchell,JimWatsonandJessicaWhiting(editors)
NEWCHALLENGESINENERGYSECURITY
TheUKinaMultipolarWorld
CatherineMitchell,JimWatsonandJessicaWhiting(editors)
NEWCHALLENGESINENERGYSECURITY
TheUKinaMultipolarWorld
CatherineMitchell
THEPOLITICALECONOMYOFSUSTAINABLEENERGY
IvanScraseandGordonMacKerron(editors)
ENERGYFORTHEFUTURE
ANewAgenda
GillSeyfang
SUSTAINABLECONSUMPTION,COMMUNITYACTIONANDTHENEW
ECONOMICS
SeedsofChange
BenjaminK.Sovacool
ENERGY&ETHICS
JusticeandtheGlobalEnergyChallenge
JosephSzarka
WINDPOWERINEUROPE
Politics,BusinessandSociety
JosephSzarka,RichardCowell,GeraintEllis,PeterA.StrachanandCharles
Warren(editors)
LEARNINGFROMWINDPOWER
Governance,SocietalandPolicyPerspectivesonSustainableEnergy
DavidToke
ECOLOGICALMODERNISATIONANDRENEWABLEENERGY
ThijsVandeGraaf
THEPOLITICSANDINSTITUTIONSOFGLOBALENERGYGOVERNANCE
XuYi-chong(editor)
NUCLEARENERGYDEVELOPMENTINASIA
ProblemsandProspects
XuYi-chong
THEPOLITICSOFNUCLEARENERGYINCHINA
Energy,ClimateandtheEnvironment
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Governance Approaches
to Mitigation of and
Adaptation to Climate
Change in Asia
Editedby
Huong Ha
AcademicCoordinator,UniversityofNewcastle,Singapore
and
Tek Nath Dhakal
Professor,TribhuvanUniversity,Nepal
Editorialmatter,selection,introductionandconclusion©HuongHa
andTekNathDhakal2013
Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013
Foreword©Frank-JürgenRichter2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-32520-4
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Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vii
SeriesEditor’sPreface ix
Foreword xi
Acknowledgements xvi
NotesonContributors xvii
1 GovernanceApproachestoMitigationofandAdaptation
toClimateChangeinAsia:AnIntroduction 1
HuongHaandTekNathDhakal
Part I IssuesandImpactofClimateChangeinAsia
2 ClimateChange,VanishingEcosystemsandtheChallenge
ofAchievingHumanProsperity 13
AmitaSingh
3 TheInterplaybetweenClimateChange,Economyand
Displacement:ExperiencefromAsia 38
A.K.M.AhsanUllah
4 DisasterCommunicationinMitigatingClimateChangein
SriLanka:ProblemsandProspects 56
R.LalithaS.Fernando
5 ClimateChangeandGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance:
TheAsianExperience 68
GaminiHerath
Part II PreconditionsofGoodGovernanceandtheRole
ofDifferentSectors
6 ApproachestoClimateChangeAdaptation:ACaseStudy
ofAgriculturalInitiativesinJapan 87
IzumiTsurita,S.V.R.KPrabhakarandDaisukeSano
v
vi Contents
7 HowAdaptivePoliciesAreinJapanandCanAdaptivePolicies
MeanEffectivePolicies?SomeImplicationsforGoverning
ClimateChangeAdaptation 103
S.V.R.K.Prabhakar,MisaAokiandReinaMashimo
8 ManagementofClimate-InducedNationalSecurity:Paradigm
ShiftfromGeopoliticstoCarbonPolitics 119
MdShafiqulIslam
9 DeconstructingDebateontheNationalActionPlanon
ClimateChangeattheStateLevel:ACaseStudyofMeghalaya
State,India 131
AshokKumarSingha,SuvraMajumdar,AbhikSaha
andSomnathHazra
10 TheRoleofGovernmentandthePrivateSectorinMitigating
andAdaptingtoClimateChange 148
VinaySharma
Part III GovernanceApproachestoManagingClimate
Change
11 IntegratedGovernanceandAdaptationtoClimateChange 163
KenCoghillandRamanieSamaratunge
12 ClimateChangeGovernance:TheSingaporeCase 182
HuongHa
13 GovernanceFrameworktoMitigateClimateChange:
ChallengesinUrbanisingIndia 200
MahendraSethiandSubhakantaMohapatra
14 UnripeFruitsorNon-RainingClouds?ClimateChange
GovernanceandtheFundingDilemmainNepal 231
BimalRajRegmiandDinanathBhandari
15 EnvironmentalLegislationandActioninPolity,Economy
andCultureforClimateChangeAdaptation:ACaseStudyof
MisamisOrientalProvince,thePhilippines 252
IsaiasS.SealzaandHuongHa
16 ResponsestoClimateChange–WhoIsResponsible?
AConclusion 267
TekNathDhakalandHuongHa
Index 273
Figures and Tables
Figures
3.1 Impactofclimatechangeatregionalandgloballevels 41
4.1 OrganisationalframeworkfortheDisasterManagement
CentreofSriLanka 63
6.1 StatusofCCadaptationactionsatdifferentlevelsof
governmentwithafocusonagriculture 97
7.1 TrendinthenumberoffarmersinJapanoverthepastfive
decadesandvariouspoliciesintroducedtostemthedecline
intheirnumber 113
7.2 Land-usechangesandvariouspoliciesintroducedtocontrol
land-usechange 114
9.1 Vulnerabilityassessmentframework 139
9.2 Prioritisationmatrix 141
11.1 Comparinglifesatisfaction,CO emissionspercapitaand
2
income(PPP)percapita–selectedcountries 168
11.2 Interactionsbetweenthethreefunctionalsectorsofsociety 171
12.1 Three-sectorgovernancemodel 186
13.1 Scenariosofeconomicdevelopment,urbanisationandGHG
emissions 204
Tables
3.1 Vulnerabilityindicators 44
3.2 Economiclosscausedbyclimatechange 47
4.1 Thenumberofpeoplewhowereaffectedbyvarioustypesof
disastersduringtheperiodof1974–2004inSriLanka 57
4.2 Theimpactofthetsunamiin2004 57
4.3 Theimpactofthecycloneof25November2011 57
4.4 Timegapintheoccurrenceofthetsunamion26
December2004 61
6.1 MajoradaptationinitiativesinvarioussectorsinJapan 91
7.1 MajoragriculturalissuesfacedbyJapanandmajorpolicy
interventionsaddressingtheissuesduringthepastseven
decades 107
7.2 Amendmentsinmajoragricultureandrelatedpolicies
inJapan 112
7.3 Importantissuesidentifiedandpoliciessuggestedbythe
respondentsinthefirstroundoftheDelphiSurvey 115
vii
viii ListofFiguresandTables
9.1 MissionsunderNationalActionPlanonClimateChange 134
9.2 Meghalayastateprioritiesalignedwiththenationalmission 138
9.3 SummaryofclimateactionsandbudgetinMeghalaya 142
11.1 Lifesatisfaction,CO emissionspercapitaandincome(PPP)
2
percapita–selectedcountries 166
13.1 ContributionofIndiancitiestonationalGHGemissionsby
sector 206
13.2 Mitigation-inclusiveurbangovernanceframeworkin
India–summarytable 217
14.1 Majordonor-supportedclimate-changepolicyand
programmedevelopment 239
15.1 Theoreticalframework:Climatechangeadaptation
frameworkandParsons’AGIL 255
Series Editor’s Preface
Energy,ClimateandtheEnvironment
Concerns about the potentialenvironmental,social and economic impacts
of climate change (CC) have led to a major internationaldebate over what
couldandshouldbedonetoreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases(GHGs).
ThereisstillascientificdebateoverthelikelyscaleofCC,andthecomplex
interactionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandclimatesystems,butglobalaver-
age temperatures have risen and the cause is almost certainly the observed
build-upofatmosphericGHGs.
Whatever we now do, there will have to be a lot of social and economic
adaptation to CC – preparing for increased flooding and other climate-
related problems. However, the more fundamental response is to try to
reduce or avoid the human activities that are causing CC. That means,
primarily,tryingtoreduceoreliminateemissionsofGHGsfromthecombus-
tionoffossilfuels.Giventhataround80percentoftheenergyusedinthe
worldatpresentcomesfromthesesources,thiswillbeamajortechnologi-
cal,economicandpoliticalundertaking.Itwillinvolvereducingdemandfor
energy(vialifestylechoicechanges–andpoliciesenablingsuchchoicestobe
made), producingandusing whateverenergywe stillneed more efficiently
(gettingmorefromless)andsupplyingthereducedamountofenergyfrom
non-fossil sources (basically switching over to renewables and/or nuclear
power).
Eachoftheseoptionsopensuparangeofsocial,economicandenviron-
mental issues. Industrial society and modern consumer cultures have been
basedontheever-expandinguseoffossilfuels,sothechangesrequiredwill
inevitablybechallenging.Perhapsequallyinevitablearedisagreementsand
conflictsoverthemeritsanddemeritsofthevariousoptionsandinrelation
to strategies and policies for pursuing them. These conflicts and associated
debatessometimesconcerntechnicalissues,butthereareusuallyalsounder-
lyingpoliticalandideologicalcommitmentsandagendaswhichshape,orat
least colour, the ostensibly technical debates. In particular, at times, tech-
nical assertions can be used to buttress specific policy frameworks in ways
whichsubsequentlyprovetobeflawed.
Theaimofthisseriesistoprovidetextswhichlayoutthetechnical,envi-
ronmental and political issues relating to the various proposed policies for
respondingtoCC.ThefocusisnotprimarilyonthescienceofCC,oronthe
technologicaldetail,althoughtherewillbeaccountsofthestateoftheart,
ix