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GonggaLaoren(1903–1997) Studies on East Asian Religions Editedby JamesA.Benn(McMasterUniversity) JinhuaChen(UniversityofBritishColumbia) volume 4 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/sear Gongga Laoren (1903–1997) HerRoleintheSpreadof TibetanBuddhisminTaiwan By FabienneJagou leiden | boston TheauthorreceivedfundingbytheChiangChing-kuoFoundationforInternationalScholarlyExchange (from2011to2015)forthecollaborativeprojectentitled“PracticesofTibetanBuddhisminTaiwan,”of whichthisbookistheresult. Coverillustration:GonggaLaorenmummifiedcorpse,GonggaMeditationCenter,Taipei(Source:July2010, Author’sphotograph) LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Jagou,Fabienne,author. Title:GonggaLaoren(1903-1997):herroleinthespreadofTibetanBuddhismin Taiwan/FabienneJagou. Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,2021.|Series:StudiesonEastAsianreligions, 2452-0098;vol.4|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:lccn2021023579(print)|lccn2021023580(ebook)| isbn9789004465749(hardback)|isbn9789004466289(ebook) Subjects:lcsh:GonggaLaoren,1903-1997.|Buddhistwomen–Biography.| Buddhistwomen–Taiwan–Biography.|Buddhists–Taiwan–Biography.| Buddhism–Taiwan–History–20thcentury. Classification:lcc bq960.O64j342021(print)|lcc bq960.O64(ebook)| ddc294.3092[b]–dc23 lcrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021023579 lcebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021023580 TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill‑typeface. issn2452-0098 isbn978-90-04-46574-9(hardback) isbn978-90-04-46628-9(e-book) Copyright2021byFabienneJagou.PublishedbyKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillnvincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillNijhoff,BrillHotei,BrillSchöningh,BrillFink, Brillmentis,Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,BöhlauVerlagandV&RUnipress. KoninklijkeBrillnvreservestherighttoprotectthispublicationagainstunauthorizeduse.Requestsfor re-useand/ortranslationsmustbeaddressedtoKoninklijkeBrillnvviabrill.comorcopyright.com. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperandproducedinasustainablemanner. Contents Acknowledgments vii ListofFigures viii Introduction 1 1 LifeinChinaandTibet(from1903to1958) 10 1 BirthandEarlyChildhood 10 2 YouthandMajority 14 3 HeadingtowardstheBoGangkarMonastery 25 4 FromtheBoGangkarMonasterytoHongKong 33 2 BuildingReligiousLegitimacyinTaiwan(from1958to1980) 36 1 ArrivalinTaipei 36 2 PublicationoftheFirstDictatedAutobiography 44 3 EsotericTeachings 69 4 Retreats 83 5 UsingtheSecret 85 3 ContributiontotheDevelopmentofTibetanBuddhisminTaiwan(from 1980to1997) 88 1 VowsTakenwiththe16thKarmapaRangjungRikpéDorjé 88 2 InvitationsExtendedtoKarmaKagyüSchool’sReincarnated Masters 92 3 PlaceintheKarmaKagyüSchool’sInternationalNetwork 96 4 Linkswiththe14thDalaiLama 107 4 SpiritualHeritage 120 1 DeathandMummification 120 2 Succession 125 3 MaintainingLinkswiththeKarmaKagyüSchool 129 4 ContinuingCharityProjects 135 Conclusion 139 Appendix:TimelineofGonggaLaoren’sLife(1903–1997) 143 GlossaryofTibetanNames 147 Bibliography 150 Index 165 Acknowledgments Thisbookistheresultofresearchesconductedintheframeofthecollaborat- iveprojectentitled“PracticesofTibetanBuddhisminTaiwan,”fundedbythe ChiangChing-kuoFoundationforInternationalScholarlyExchangefrom2011 to2015,towhichIamindebted.Iwouldlikealsotoexpressmydeepestappre- ciationtotheCenterforChineseStudiesinTaipeiforitssupport. Mydeepestgratitudegoestothemanycolleaguesandfriendswhoshared theirknowledgeonChineseandTibetanformsof Buddhism,andreligionin general,tohelpmeunderstandthespecificcasepresentedhere.Iwouldliketo expressspecialthankstoMatthewKapstein,professorattheÉcolePratiquedes HautesÉtudes,Paris,JiZhe,professorattheinalco,Paris,andEsterBianchi, associateprofessoratthePerugiaUniversity,Italy. PatriciaRadderfromBrillisahighlyskilledperson,fullofpatienceandkind- ness,moralqualitiesthatareverypreciouswheneditingabook.Ithankher verysincerely. Furthermore,IwishtoexpressmyprofondgratitudetotheGonggaLaoren’s disciples who received me with great openness (not always) and confidence (afteralongtimeandmanyvisitsintheirmonasteries). ThebookisdedicatedtoProfessorAnneChayet(1943–2015)inmemoryofour lasttalk. Figures 1 GangkarRinpoche(1893–1957)seal.Source:AutobiographyoftheReincarnated MasterGangkarfromKham,OmniscientMeditationMaster,Benefactor SpreadingBuddhism(FujiaoguangjuechanshiXikangGonggaHutuketu benzhuan輔教廣覺禪師西康貢噶呼圖克圖本傳),AccountoftheSpiritual PracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsoftheVajraMasterJuezhudengbai, GonggaLaoren(JingangshangshiJuezhudengbai,GonggaLaorenxueshan xiuxingji金剛上師覺珠登白貢噶老人雪山修行記),1961. 49 2 GangkarRinpoche(1893–1957).Source:AutobiographyoftheReincarnated MasterGangkarfromKham,OmniscientMeditationMaster,Benefactor SpreadingBuddhism(FujiaoguangjuechanshiXikangGonggaHutuketu benzhuan輔教廣覺禪師西康貢噶呼圖克圖本傳),AccountoftheSpiritual PracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsoftheVajraMasterJuezhudengbai, GonggaLaoren(JingangshangshiJuezhudengbai,GonggaLaorenxueshan xiuxingji金剛上師覺珠登白貢噶老人雪山修行記),1961. 50 3 GonggaLaorendressedasalaytantricmaster.Source:Autobiographyofthe ReincarnatedMasterGangkarfromKham,OmniscientMeditationMaster, BenefactorSpreadingBuddhism(FujiaoguangjuechanshiXikangGongga Hutuketubenzhuan輔教廣覺禪師西康貢噶呼圖克圖本傳),Accountofthe SpiritualPracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsoftheVajraMaster Juezhudengbai,GonggaLaoren(JingangshangshiJuezhudengbai,Gongga Laorenxueshanxiuxingji金剛上師覺珠登白貢噶老人雪山修行記),1961. 51 4 GangkarRinpoche(1893–1957)onhisdharmathrone.Source:Extraordinary StoryAmidsttheWhiteClouds:AccountofaSpiritualPracticeUndertakeninthe SnowySummitsoftheVajraMaster,GonggaLaoren(basedonherowntestimony) Baiyunjiandezhuanqi:JingangShangshiGonggaLaorenxueshanxiuxingji (GonggaLaorenkoushu)白雲間的傳奇:金剛上師貢噶老人雪山修行記(貢噶老人口述)(Zhonghe,Zhengfayan),2002. 53 5 ThenunGonggaLaoren.Source:ExtraordinaryStoryAmidsttheWhiteClouds: AccountofaSpiritualPracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsoftheVajra Master,GonggaLaoren(basedonherowntestimony)Baiyunjiandezhuanqi: JingangShangshiGonggaLaorenxueshanxiuxingji(GonggaLaorenkoushu)白雲間的傳奇:金剛上師貢噶老人雪山修行記(貢噶老人口述)(Zhonghe, Zhengfayan),2002. 54 6 GonggaLaorenmummy.Source:ExtraordinaryStoryAmidsttheWhiteClouds: AccountofaSpiritualPracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsoftheVajra Master,GonggaLaoren(basedonherowntestimony)Baiyunjiandezhuanqi: JingangShangshiGonggaLaorenxueshanxiuxingji(GonggaLaorenkoushu)白 figures ix 雲間的傳奇:金剛上師貢噶老人雪山修行記(貢噶老人口述)(Zhonghe, Zhengfayan),2002. 55 7 NewBoGangkarMonastery.Source:ExtraordinaryStoryAmidsttheWhite Clouds:AccountofaSpiritualPracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsofthe VajraMaster,GonggaLaoren(basedonherowntestimony)Baiyunjiande zhuanqi:JingangShangshiGonggaLaorenxueshanxiuxingji(GonggaLaoren koushu)白雲間的傳奇:金剛上師貢噶老人雪山修行記(貢噶老人口述) (Zhonghe,Zhengfayan),2002. 56 8 OldBoGangkarMonastery.Source:ExtraordinaryStoryAmidsttheWhite Clouds:AccountofaSpiritualPracticeUndertakenintheSnowySummitsofthe VajraMaster,GonggaLaoren(basedonherowntestimony)Baiyunjiande zhuanqi:JingangShangshiGonggaLaorenxueshanxiuxingji(GonggaLaoren koushu)白雲間的傳奇:金剛上師貢噶老人雪山修行記(貢噶老人口述) (Zhonghe,Zhengfayan),2002. 56 9 OldChongqingMonastery,Tainan.Source:September2010,Author’s photograph. 72 10 CommemorativepictureoftheTransferofAwarenessinitiationtransmissionby GonggaLaoren,September17,1960.Source:September2010,Author’s photograph.Picturesexhibitedwithintheadministrativeofficeofthe Chongqingmonastery. 73 11 CommemorativepictureoftheTransferofAwarenessinitiationtransmissionby GonggaLaoren,December3,1971.Source:September2010,Author’s photograph.Picturesexhibitedwithintheadministrativeofficeofthe Chongqingmonastery. 74 12 NewChongqingMonastery,Tainan.Source:August2013,Author’s photograph. 78 13 ShrinededicatedtoGonggaLaorenintheoldChongqingmonastery,Tainan. Source:July2012,Author’sphotograph. 79 14 ShrinededicatedtoGonggaLaoreninthenewChongqingmonastery,Tainan. Source:August2013,Author’sphotograph. 80 15 ShrinededicatedtoGonggaLaoreninthenewChongqingmonastery,Tainan. Source:August2013,Author’sphotograph. 81 16 GonggaMeditationCenter,Taipei.Source:July2010,Author’sphotograph. 91 17 GonggaMonastery,Tainan.Source:July2013,Author’sphotograph. 103 18 DevoteesAssembly,Tainan.Source:September2010,Author’s photograph. 126 19 TongBingqingandGonggaLaorenportraits.Source:September2010,Author’s photograph.Picturesexhibitedwithintheadministrativeofficeofthe Chongqingmonastery. 128

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